Sociology of Religion

Not all religions share the same set of beliefs, but in one form or another, religion is found in all known human societies. Even the earliest societies on record show clear traces of religious symbols and ceremonies. Throughout history, religion has continued to be a central part of societies and human experience, shaping how individuals react to the environments in which they live. Since religion is such an important part of societies around the world, sociologists are very interested in studying it. Sociologists study religion as both a belief system and a social institution. As a belief system, religion shapes what people think and how they see the world. As a social institution, religion is a pattern of social action organized around the beliefs and practices that people develop to answer questions about the meaning of existence. As an institution, religion persists over time and has an organizational structure into which members are socialized. Its Not About What You Believe In studying religion from a sociological perspective, it is not important what one believes about religion. What is important is the ability to examine religion objectively in its social and cultural context. Sociologists are interested in several questions about religion: How are religious beliefs and factors related to other social factors like race, age, gender, and education?How are religious institutions organized?How does religion affect social change?What influence does religion have on other social institutions, such as political or educational institutions? Sociologists also study the religiosity of individuals, groups, and societies. Religiosity is the intensity and consistency of practice of a person’s (or group’s) faith. Sociologists measure religiosity by asking people about their religious beliefs, their membership in religious organizations, and attendance at religious services. Modern academic sociology began with the study of religion in Emile Durkheim’s 1897 The Study of Suicide in which he explored the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics. Following Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber also looked at religion’s role and influence in other social institutions such as economics and politics. Sociological Theories of Religion Each major sociological framework has its perspective on religion. For instance, from the functionalist perspective of sociological theory, religion is an integrative force in society because it has the power to shape collective beliefs. It provides cohesion in the social order by promoting a sense of belonging and collective consciousness. This view was supported by Emile Durkheim. The second point of view, supported by Max Weber, views religion in terms of how it supports other social institutions. Weber thought that the religious belief systems provided a cultural framework that supported the development of other social institutions, such as the economy. While Durkheim and Weber concentrated on how religion contributes to the cohesion of society, Karl Marx focused on the conflict and oppression that religion provided to societies. Marx saw religion as a tool for class oppression in which it promotes stratification because it supports a hierarchy of people on Earth and the subordination of humankind to divine authority. Lastly, symbolic interaction theory focuses on the process by which people become religious. Different religious beliefs and practices emerge in different social and historical contexts because context frames the meaning of religious belief. Symbolic interaction theory helps explain how the same religion can be interpreted differently by different groups or at different times throughout history. From this perspective, religious texts are not truths but have been interpreted by people. Thus different people or groups may interpret the same Bible in different ways. References Giddens, A. (1991). Introduction to Sociology. New York: W.W. Norton Company.Anderson, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Predictive Analysis Of Predictive Analysis, An Integral...

Predictive Analysis is an integral part of any business – with its major role in all dimensions of the business decision making processes. Prediction helps in understanding the customer better and managing customer relationships in an efficient way. Understanding the customer is the most important part of the business process as it impacts the potential growth in business and the success of any business decision, be it a drastic or a minor change. For instance, a product launch can be strategically planned using predictive analytics, if we know our customers better. The sales and the marketing teams work closely with analysts and data scientists to understand how well the historical data can predict the customer potential and possible†¦show more content†¦These models are often used to understand customer behaviors in detail. Businesses want to understand what kind of products the customers are likely to buy, who are the loyal customers who keep coming back for re-purchasing similar or other products, what other products are our loyal customers interested in, what are the potential marketing campaigns which could help us attract customers who are similar to the existing high value customers, and so on. A few applications of Predictive Models: The most important customer analytic areas and the state of the art methodologies are as follows. (1) Customer attrition analysis Predicting customer attrition is one of the major areas in customer analytics. Businesses have the need to continuously monitor and understand customer behavior and their expectations, in order to have an edge over the competitors. It makes no practical sense to not know whether the customers are staying with the company or do they have a risk of attrition, due to various controllable and uncontrollable factors. It is extremely essential for any business to retain the existing customers and resolving any pressing issues in a timely manner. Retaining a customer is as important, if not more, as attracting new customers. a. Attrition Risk Modeling: This is performed to predict the attrition risk for different customers/customer segments. The customers with high risk of attrition are identified using various factors like their

What aspects of language, if any, are innate Free Essays

Introduction Human language is a remarkable symbolic communication system through which knowledge, belief, and behavior can be experienced and shared. The number and variety of human languages in the world is stunning – there are thought to be around 7,000 distinct languages. Human language is flexible, meanings can be changed and new symbols created. We will write a custom essay sample on What aspects of language, if any, are innate? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Humans speak a variety of different languages, and children appear to learn language effortlessly just from hearing it from their environment. By a very young age children can normally command their native language with great fluency and accuracy. Across cultures there is a universal pattern of language development in children. Children produce their first word sometime at the end of their first year. After this language acquisition appears to happen rather fast – normally developing children master language with a speed that makes learning it in an empirical sense unlikely. However does the fact that all humans exhibit certain behaviour prove that that it is innate rather than learned? Learning a language requires, amongst other things, learning the phonology (sound patterns), the lexicon (the words), as well as the rules of syntax, all of which can vary substantially across languages. This essay will attempt to understand just how much of language is innate by analyzing various aspects of language and looking at evidence from studies on language innateness. According to Chomsky (1980) there is not enough information in the child’s environment to facilitate all necessary learning. This so-called â€Å"poverty of the stimulus† led to the idea that there is an innate knowledge that serves as a starting point for learning the language. From their birth infants begin engaging in communication with their parents and siblings and listen to their speech. The child will unconsciously recognise which kind of a language they are using and will ‘set the parameters’ of a correct grammar. Infants use these principles and parameters to guide their perception of speech. The child senses that some words refer to objects and some to actions and that there is a distinctive set of rules for ordering words in a sentence. Chomsky referred to this innate mechanism as ‘Language Acquisition Device’ (LAD). LAD helps infants to pick up the complex grammatical principles of their language and facilitates fast learning (Harley, 2008). Evidence supporting the existence of LAD comes from that fact that all languages share a similar underlying â€Å"deep structure† of grammar – Universal grammar as Chomsky called it. Universal grammar provides a set of basic grammatical rules that are common in all natural languages, which explains how children acquire and master their language in a brief time period. For example all languages have words for â€Å"water† and â€Å"food† because all people need to refer to water and food. All language use nouns and verbs, have prefixes and suffixes and use a certain type of word order. Syntax comprises rules for how words are combined into sentences. If syntax was innate in us all, then teaching language would be merely the process of making conscious what was held in a level of subconsciousness the whole time and we should be able to learn language at any time. According to Chomsky Universal grammar is the basis upon which all human languages are built (Harley, 2008). Children do not simply copy the language that they hear from their environment. They deduce rules and they use to these rules to produce sentences that they have never heard before. The abstract representations of grammatical rules are language universals. Some universals might be part of the innate component of the grammar or the cognition. Languages evolve so they are easy to understand. Linguistic universals are features that can be found in all languages. They include categories of syntax, semantics and phonology. Semantics refers to the meaning of language. Chomsky viewed all semantic notions as innate. This means that even novel concepts were considered to have been latent in some sense. If children assume that semantic and syntactic categories are related they can use semantic properties of words and phrases to analyze the rules of their language and form associations between semantics and syntax. For example, a child can infer that a word that refers to a person, place or thing is a noun, the word describing an action is a verb and so on (Harley, 2008). Some view that a large dictionary (lexicon) is needed before one can understands syntax. When starting to speak children begin with simple lexical items for people, food, toys and animals. As they get older their lexicon grows in complexity. From a historical perspective lexicon undergoes its own evolution – unused words die out and new expressions are added. New words are invented to describe novel concepts and foreign words are borrowed from other languages. For instance terms such as ‘texting’ and ’apps’ were not in general use two decades ago but they are commonly present in our lexicon now. One of the criticisms of Chomsky’s theory is that he relies upon children’s intuitions as to what is right or wrong in language- but it is not clear that all people will make the same judgements, or that their judgements actually reflect the way people use the language. Chomsky also appears to reduce language to its grammar. By ignoring social context and meaning he neglects the importance of particular cultural and historical frameworks in which the child learns his first language. Pinker supports Chomsky’s view that syntax is innate. According to Pinker children are equipped with innate syntactic categories that allow them to understand that nouns refer to objects and verbs refer to actions. On top of this, children are predisposed to induce rules. Children are also innately capable of linking rules to semantic categories of thematic roles. Although the child might not know syntactic rules they able to distinguish the words in simple spoken sentences. If the child knows the surface structure of a sentence and the meaning of the sentence it can infer the underlying structure. This is known as ‘semantic bootstrapping’ (Harley, 2008). Goldin-Meadow (2003) studied deaf children in the United States and Taiwan who communicated with gestures rather than conventional sign languages. Goldin-Meadow discovered that in the absence of recognized sign language children developed complex sentence structures on their own without having to learn them first from their parents. Further evidence that there is biological drive to develop syntax comes from studies of a community of deaf children in Nicaragua. In 1981, a school for deaf children was opened in Nicaragua. The children were not initially taught a sign language, but they began developing a system of gestures helping them to communicate with one another. Over time a sophisticated sign language developed. This evidence suggests that children can instinctively break information down into independent units and then flexibly put them back together to form more sophisticated utterances with a wider range of meanings. This implies that basics of language are part of the innate gift (Kegl, Senghas and Coppola, 1999) and supports Chomsky‘s idea that children are born with an innate sense of grammar and syntax. Studies of pidgin and creole languages (Bickerton, 1981) support an idea of innate drive to learn syntax. Pidgin are basic languages invented to allow communication between speakers of different languages. Creole is the language of the children of pidgin speakers. Creole utilizes the vocabulary derived from pidgin, but has its own complex syntax and morphology. Creole speaking children were capable of creating an entirely new language from the bits and pieces of information taken from pidgin. This suggests that there was a starting point for all of today’s languages. In a course of time, languages then evolved under different circumstances and hence are different today. Recent research by Dunn et al. (2011) contradicts Chomsky’s theory that there is set of universal rules, applicable to all languages. Dunn et al. were interested in exploring the evolution of word-orders across different languages. They analysed over 300 languages belonging to different language families including Indo-European and Austronesian. They found that word orders from different language families evolve differently. For instance, some languages place the verb at the beginning of the sentence and some at the end of the sentence. Dunn et al concluded that syntax is determined more by the historical and cultural context in which a language develops than by universal factors. These results indicate that different processes occur in different language families. And how about the phonetics of languageEach language consists of hundreds of phonemes (sounds). Distinguishing between these sounds allows us to recognize and identify subtle differences in dialects and accents and see beyond the obvious meaning of words. Using the High Amplitude Sucking Technique, Eimas et al. (1971) showed that in the first few months of life, babies reliably discriminate many different phonemes, whether or not they occur in their language. Infants one and four months old could discriminate between ‘ba’ and ‘pa’ sounds. At the age of nine months the infants were able to discriminate virtually all phonetic contrasts presented to them. Eimas et al concluded that the ability to distinguish phonemes must be innate as it would appear unlikely that the infant could have learned to categorise phonemes at such a young age. In order to investigate whether human ability to distinguish between different phonemes is innate Golestani (2011) used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare the brain structures of seventeen phoneticians against sixteen control participants. Findings showed a brain area involved in speech production and analysing and distinguishing speech sounds correlates with the amount of time spent analysing phonemes. The shape of the left auditory cortex was also different between expert phoneticians and controls. These findings suggest that a person’s ability to successfully distinguish between phonemes could stem from birth. Our bodies, particularly throats and brains, appear to be adapted and specialised to the tasks of language. Our vocal cords and ears allow us to perceive and use language. Language production and comprehension are complex tasks, involving various brain areas. Certain regions in the brain appear to be specialized for commanding language tasks, such as Wernicke’s area for language comprehension and Broca’s area for language production. Lesions to certain regions of the brain cause distinctive language problems – aphasias – these are in the same area the same across species. This supports the view that language localization in the brain is innate. Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a disorder in which language falls below person’s mental age without an accompanying brain damage. An example is a case of an English family in which a type of hereditary impairment was observed that only affects certain morphemes with other aspect of language and cognition being unaffected. However more comprehensive studies showed that the participating family members suffer from a number of other deficits inside and outside of language (Harley, 2008). Noam Chomsky claims that certain parts of the human brain have purposefully evolved to enable language production and comprehension. The opposing view is that language simply utilizes brain structures that were already present before the actual development of language. According to Ralph-Axel Mueller (1996) the specialization of certain regions of the brain for language processing is the result not the cause of language development and it cannot be concluded that higher brain functions are innate. One reason for innateness theories to be seriously considered is that human species is the only one that possesses language. In numerous studies effort has been made to teach animals (mostly primates) language. Chimpanzees like Washoe and Sarah have been trained to acquire sign language. Most impressive of all was a bonobo named Kanzi. Through training Kanzi had acquired vocabulary of 200 symbols and was able to construct very basic sentences consisting of few words. Compared with other chimps, Kanzi’s achievements were striking, but they were still far away from abilities of human children. The results of other studies have been similar – primates needed long and intensive training and were only able make simple constructions at the end (Fodor, Bever Garett 1974). Chomsky explains these findings through the presence of an innate ability for language acquisition in human children. It is the lack of the LAD what makes it difficult for primates to learn language. Pragmatics is a theory of appropriate language use in context, it studies how people comprehend and produce language and engage in a conversation. It considers the participants’ knowledge about phenomena such as social distance, relationship between the speakers and cultural knowledge. Language is easy for humans to learn to produce and understand but this is not exclusively because our brains embody knowledge of language but also because language has adapted to us. It is difficult to distinguish whether language has evolved to fit the human brain or vice versa. Languages that are problematic for humans to learn would struggle to come into existence at all. Language helps to shape our thoughts and emotions, builds friendships and ties and connects us to a particular culture or nation. For years, psychologists, linguists and biologists have been analyzing language and its structures and they been fascinated by an idea that there exists a universal innate basis of all languages which has been programmed into our brains. According to Chomsky, humans have an innate potential for language. However evidence from Dunn et al. suggests that language is not completely specified in human minds from birth and that the influence of culture needs should be considered. Language is a constantly developing mechanism guided by pragmatic responses to cultural and historical needs. Humans across the world speak different languages which differ in their rules and complexity. One of the possible explanations of structural similarities between languages across the world is that all languages attempt to communicate essentially the same semantic information. Perhaps future research could shed more light into this area. Based on the presented evidence we can conclude that complete language innateness is impossible. There is an innate predisposition to learn language, such as brain localization and the complexity of human vocal tract. There is also some innateness to specific aspects of language such as syntax and phonetics, however infants are not born knowing a language, they are biologically equipped to learn it easily. Children are eager learners and they discover grammar rules during the course of growing up in a community. Children with French genes do not find French any easier than English, they simply learn the language they are exposed to. The role of the social environment, particularly infant’s connection with the caregivers and intention in infant communication cannot be ignored. References Bickerton, D (1981). Roots of Language. Karoma Publishers. Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and representations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Dunn M., Greenhill S., Levinson S., Gray R. (2011). Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals. Nature. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nature09923. Eimas, P.D., Siqueland, E.R., Jusczyk, P.W., Vigorito, J. (1971). Speech perception in infants. Science 171 (968): 303–306. Fodor, J., Bever, T. Garrett, M. (1974). The Psychology of Language. New York: McGraw-Hill. Goldin-Meadow. S. (2003). The Resilience of Language: What Gesture Creation in Deaf Children Can Tell Us About How All Children Learn Language, Psychology Press, a subsidiary of Taylor Francis, New York. Golestani, N., Price, C.J., Scott, S. K. (2011). Born with an ear for dialectsStructural plasticity in the ‘expert’ phonetician brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(11), 4213-4220. Harley, T. A. (2008). The Psychology of Language: From data to theory (3rd. ed.) Hove: Psychology Press. Kegl J., Senghas A., Coppola M. (1999). Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua. Comparative Grammatical Change: The Intersection of Language Acquisition, Creole Genesis, and Diachronic Syntax, pp. 179–237. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Muller, R.-A. (1996) Innateness, autonomy, universalityNeurobiological approaches to language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19, 611-675 How to cite What aspects of language, if any, are innate?, Essay examples

Journal of Small Business and Enterprise - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Small Business and Enterprise. Answer: Components of Growth The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview about the activities of a company which they shall initiate to remain in competence. Further it talks about the role of resources and the management of human resources in organization. Further it also discusses about formal informal practices and its difficulties in organization. More details about the task about discussed below Human resources are the most important asset of an organization which helps them to achieve their defined target and aim high in the competitive market. The human resources are innovative, creative and efficient enough to help an organization to attain their targets in the market (Autio, Acs, 2010). Human resource is an asset for the organization which uses all other non-living assets of the organization provides output from it to the company. This is the basic and the foremost role of the human resource in the organization that is to support the organization towards the achievement of their objective. It shall be noted that only human resources of the company cannot help the organization to achieve their targets but other intellectual resources are also required by the organization to remain in competence. Intellectual capital refers to all the other resources present in premises of an organization which has its significant share in the growth of an organization. It helps an organi zation to become competitive and initiate activities at a faster speed and eliminate repetition of work. Depending upon the type of equipment, it helps the human resources and somehow decreases its burden so that they can focus on other aspects as well (McCord, 2014). These resources have a major role in helping the organization to become competitive, but if these resources are misused then they can hamper the growth of the organization as well. Thus, it is the duty of the management of the organization to look after the use of such resources and monitor the work of employees with the equipment as well. Apart from that the organization also needs to concentrate on the technological implementation and changes present in the environment which directly affects the growth of the company. If the intellectual resources used are out-dated and of low quality then the output produced will also portray the same quality in its specification. Thus the organization shall monitor the external environment and then analyze the incompetency present in the internal system. Then they shall aim to change ad adopt new technologies to maintain their image in the competitive environment (Ram, 2000). Further in order to adequately make use of the resources available with them organization firstly need to manage the resources properly and then use them in their business functions. Initially talking about the human resources, hey can managed in the organization if they are satisfied with the working of the company (Mollick, 2012). The organization shall focus on the needs and requirement of their employees and satisfy them. With this process the employees will get motivated and work in order to help the organization to complete its target, this will also reduce employee turnover and improve the image of the company as well. Next coming on intellectual resources, the employees shall regularly check the machines and equipment, and they shall also maintain and develop the intellectual resources. Development of thee resources is very important in todays world artificial intelligence is majorly used be organizations to gain competence (Maresch, Fink, Harms, 2016). These practices shall be co-ordinated and implemented by all the employees in the organization. Further and informal practices both are important for an organization to work smoothly, formal practices helps in creating responsibility and accountability whereas informal helps in initiating communication and bond between the employees of the organization. But they shall be balanced to a certain level as more of formal practice can levy strictness and more of informal can levy ignorance in the organization. So, the managers can regulate it by defining the individual targets which the employees shall achieve and accountability to department manger, this will help in completion of work and communication with the head by eliminating barriers (Barringer, Ireland, 2015). Difficulties in becoming formal is that employees will not stay for long time in organization due to strictness, lack of free communication, heavy burden of work and responsibilities as well. Lastly, finance helps the organization to take calculative risk in the target market and expand their business as well. Apart from that information of finance keeps the stakeholder interest in the activities of business as well. Thus, the above mentioned task discusses about the competent of growth in a competitive market. References Autio, E. Acs, Z. (2010). Intellectual property protection and the formation of entrepreneurial growth aspirations. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4: 234251. Barringer, B.R. Ireland, R.D. (2015). Entrepreneurship: successfully launching new ventures, Global Edition, 5th edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. pp.424-461. Maresch, D., Fink, M. Harms, R. (2016). When patents matter: The impact of competition and patent age on the performance contribution of intellectual property rights protection, Technovation, 57: 14-20. McCord, P. (2014). How Netflix Reinvented HR. (cover story). Harvard Business Review, 92(1/2), 70-76. Mollick, E. (2012). People and process, suits and innovators: the role of individuals in firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 33: 1001-1015. Ram, M. (2000). Professionals at work transition in a small service firm. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(1): 69-77.

Young people today are less dependent on their parents free essay sample

Young people today are less dependent on their parents than in the past. whether young people today depend more on their parents then in the past has generated considerable discussion among educator, futurists and parents. In my opinion, nowadays young people are more depends on their parents for their life on working, and financial aid. There are two examples. First, since young people have more and more pressure on their way of finding a good career, they can not easily to find a job as before. At that time, many of their parents try to use their own relationship to help their children to find a better Job. For example, my neighbor Alice, a young lady who Just graduated from the university, tried to find a Job for a long time. Because the university that she studied in is not so good, and her major is not easy to get a job, she told her parents about her situation and difficulties. We will write a custom essay sample on Young people today are less dependent on their parents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After that, her parents found their old friend to help her Job. Finally, she got a pretty nice Job by their parents relationship. Obviously, young people may have to depend on their parents ore on getting a great career by using the relationship that their parents had. Second, young people may have to let their parents help them with the financial aid, so they are more depend on their parents. In other word, more and more young peopler may feel hard to be independent if they want to study abroad or start their own work on a big project by using their poor property. Take my elder brother as an example, he wants to have his own coffee shop in order to get more money. Because he does not has high income from his Job, he does not have large amount of deposit. He tried to borrow money from his friend, but the amount to open a coffee shop is still enough. Under the helpless, he shows his parents about his dream. His parents agrees to borrow money to him, and now he pay off all the loan from his friends and parents. Therefore, young people still need their parents helping on financial. To summarize, although young people nowadays are more success on their work, I still believe that they still depend on their work opportunities and financial. Because they have more pressure to compete with each other, they may need their parents help.

Lifes What Ifs

Lifes What Ifs Free Online Research Papers Planning and budgeting for lifes normal living expenses, i.e.; food, utilities, housing, medical insurance, and transportation, is fairly simple. It is the little what ifs that can run the train off the tracks. Getting on board with a budget is great as long as it is realized that Murphy could buy a ticket and jump on the train anytime. This is the first step in planning for the unexpected. Life throws out many challenges and being prepared is on of the most important things in having a budget. Irregular bills, such as; the ones due every six months, or the ones you can not predict, need extra planning for. Unexpected expenses like; auto repair, need of a new lawnmower, a roof that needs repair, an unexpected disability, or losing your job, can be devastating. (Unexpected Expenses Derail the Debt Reduction Train, 2008). While planning a budget it is besgt to list any irregular and unexpected expenses that may occur. Setting up a separate fund for Christmas and birthdays is a good idea also. This will help to keep from using credit to get gifts. (Unexpected Expenses Derail the Debt Reduction Train, 2008). Setting prioritiesin your budget will also help to pay what has to be paid first and you can see what is left for the what ifs. As lifes little unexpected occurences happen it is best to take as many precautions as possible. The best way to prevent a bad situation is to set up a fund fot the worst scenario. This fund is called the emergency fund. It needs to have at least three to six months necessary living expenses in it. The fund should be put into an accessible account in case an emergency does arrive. (How to Prepare for Lifes What Ifs, n.d.). If, after a budget has been set up, it looks like there is not enough to put into this fund, then revisiting avenues to cut back is wise. (Unexpected Expenses Derail the Debt Reduction Train, 2008). Being financially prepared will help in securing your credit score. In case of job loss, it could mean the difference in obtaining a new job, obtaining a new residence, or being accepted on a credit application. Having and managing a personal budget is one of the most important things to be done in lifes little what ifs. Research Papers on Life's What IfsTwilight of the UAWThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtMind TravelGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Transferable Skills - FINAL ASSIGNMENT 2009 Essay

Transferable Skills - FINAL ASSIGNMENT 2009 - Essay Example This was magnificently exemplified by our rescue operations leader, Giwrgos Antwniou, whose leadership and decision making played a key role in saving the lives of many people and the town from flames in the least time possible. Contrary to the old emphasis on leader as the boss, today’s leadership is more of partnership with their people. Certainly, leadership has moved from ‘command-and-control’ role of judging and evaluating to a role of ensuring accountability through support, coaching, and cheerleading. In a situation of fire crisis, the practice that ultimately helped in saving the town and the lives of people was approach adopted by our leader in guiding and monitoring the activities after delegating tasks to each of the rescue team members including the fire men. The charge that the leader took, though was that of authoritative and commanding, received absolutely no retaliations or resentment from any of the people around. The leader assumed the most desirable role of a situational leader in this context. Situational leadership is, indeed, endured as an effective approach to managing and motivating people because it fosters a partnership between the leader and the people that the leader supports and depends upon. In other words, situational leadership is not something that is done to people, but it is something done with people (Blanchard, K 2001; p 3). The leader, Giwrgos Antwniou, helped people work in time of crisis through his guidance and motivation ensuring each of the members is self-reliant achiever. His leadership style helped harness others’ emotions, heart, energy, and skills in support of the crisis situation and their individual goals of saving the lives of people. The leadership adopted by the leader opened up communication with all team members, who initially were strangers to most of the other team

Globalization and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalization and Education - Essay Example be a consensus among many scholars regarding the association between the interests of the richer countries’ programs and the prevailing states of poverty and adversity in the developing world. The scholars also cite the impact of colonialism within the general aspect of inequality (Bigelow & Peterson, 2002). Some of the themes that appear common in many of these discourses include the association between formal education and inequality and the association between globalization and world poverty. These themes tie together with the challenges facing Africa, The Caribbean, and other struggling parts of the world (Bigelow & Peterson, 2002). Regarding the theme of education and global inequality, the scholars contend that the formal education system lacks tune with the needs of the developing world. The scholars explore the manner in which the western powers imposed their systems of education on the natives in the different places they conquered. Such imposition ignored the previou sly existing structures of education and resulted in a serious mismatch between the needs of the natives and the objectives of the system of education. The study cites the case of the Maya who lost their reading materials to the Spanish at the time of the conquest (Bigelow & Peterson, 2002). The destruction of the traditional Mayan educational system resulted in the destruction of the people’s reservoir of culture. The Spanish case of destroying the Mayan culture represents a trend of the colonial culture where dominant powers systematically destroyed indigenous cultures using brute force and replaced them with foreign systems of education. Alienation of the weaker civilizations resulted from the education system that was based purely on the foreign systems. Loss of culture eventually led to... This paper approves that this pressure resulted in the systematic weakening of the indigenous economic systems that underpinned the growth of the economy. Farming and the production of powder milk were ruined due to the influences that followed the economic interventions of the developed countries and the structures created by the global financiers. These interventions appeared well meaning at first but gradually descended into ruin in the aftermath. Some of the long-term consequences included job losses and the destruction of local investing capacities. Many theorists and economic analysts argue that globalization essentially denies weaker countries the opportunity to trade favorably with the stronger powers. Cases are given of Jamaica, which continues to experience the devastating effect of global economic competition as a result of yielding to the pressure of structural reforms. This essay comes to the conclusion generally, globalization denies the developing powers the opportunity to protect their own markets. Globalization entails liberalization of the market economies, which essentially means that the developing world opens up its markets to global competition with the world powers. Weaker powers have stronger marketing powers and often use the synergies of their development to dominate the markets and push the weaker countries out of the markets. In the long term, the weaker countries become increasingly dependent on the developed countries for their sustenance. This dependency eventually yields a situation where the poor countries increasing descent into a cycle of debt.

Exercise 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exercise 3 - Essay Example Google drive is a service where any type of document can be uploaded and composed. Files uploaded can only be edited after their conversion into Google Docs format. The name of the file remains the same both in the converted and the original format in the activity section, but the symbol on the left of the name helps determine whether the file is converted or not. It is recommendable not to check the box that asks for the conversion of image or pdf files because of the great possibility of occurrence of conversion issues. Once uploaded and clicked upon, files open in new tabs from where they can be read, edited, saved, and performed all other kinds of functions upon. The free version of Google Drive has established the limit of 5 GB for uploading documents. For storage beyond that, the account has to be purchased. Video 2 summary Part 2 of this video series is about creating documents within the Google Drive. Google Drive lets the users create documents that are similar to the format s they work with in the Microsoft Office. There are different programs that compare to different programs of the Microsoft Office e.g. Presentation in Google Drive is the equivalent of MS PowerPoint. Likewise, Spreadsheet in Google Docs has almost all of the features of MS Excel. The user can perform different sorts of functions on the data in Spreadsheet just like it is done in MS Excel. Google Docs have an Autosave feature that obviates the need to properly save the content written in the file all the time. Users must first title the documents to differentiate them from one another in the list. Most of the features of Google Docs are similar to those of Microsoft Office. Users can make a copy of the documents to be able to edit the documents even if the editing rights have not been granted to them by the sender of the documents. Users can revisit the older versions of the documents using the Revision History feature. This is a very powerful feature as a new revision history is cre ated every time a change is made to the document. The Form in the Google Docs is a very useful program to conduct surveys with. Everything ranging from making graphs to drawings, writing, and making presentations can be done using the programs of the Google Docs. Video 3 summary Part 3 of this video series is about sharing documents within the Google Drive. Sharing is of two types; sharing with a Google Docs’ user and sharing with a non-user of Google Docs. The way to share a document with a Google Docs’ user is to right-click anywhere on the row of the document, go to share, and then again share. The sender has the option of deciding whether the receiver can edit, comment, or just view the document. Once the document has been shared, its shared status is visible on the row next to where it is located. The powers given to the receiver to change the file in any way can be limited or increased anytime by the sender. To share a document with a non-user of Google Docs†™, the first step is to convert the document from Google Docs format to the original format. Once this is done, the rest of the process is the same as for the user of Google Docs’ except we go to â€Å"Email as attachment† instead of â€Å"share† in the third step. Any important updates about the document that the sender wants to share with the receivers can be sent as a message via â€Å"Email collaborators†. More than one file can also be shared with a group of people by creating a shared folder

Equilibrium Le Chateliers principle

Equilibrium Le Chateliers principle Introduction: Equilibrium is defined as the point at which the forward and reverse rates of a reaction are equal (1). A system in dynamic equilibrium is a specific example of a system in a steady state. In this steady state the rate of inputs and outputs in the system is equal, so the makeup of the system is unchanged over time (3). Le Chateliers principle can be used to predict how a change in conditions will affect chemical equilibrium. This principle states that if a chemical system at equilibrium goes through a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or pressure, than the equilibrium shifts to offset the change; furthermore, any change in these areas initiates an opposite reaction in the affected system (2). This principle is used to influence the results of reversible reactions (1). Once a reaction has reached equilibrium, the equilibrium concentrations of each reactant and product are known, one can use an equation to determine the equilibrium constant (3). The constant always has the same value as long as the temperature remains constant (2). The equation used to determine this constant is defined as the concentration of the products (to the power of the stochiometric coefficients) over the concentration of the products also to the power of the stoichiometric coefficients (3). Once you know to what side of the reaction equilibrium shifts to you can determine the dominant species or coordination compound. A coordination compound is defined as a compound that contains a coordination complex, which is a structure made up of a central atom bonded to a surrounding assortment of molecules or ligands (1). Coordination is a reference to the coordinate covalent bonds between the ligands and the central atom (1). These bonds occur through the donating or accepting of electron pairs. Groups donating electron pairs are the ligands (Lewis bases) while groups accepting pairs are usually transition metal cations (1). The purpose of this lab is to learn how to apply this background information to better understand how changes in equilibrium mixture are affected by artificially applied changes. Once the changes are applied predictions are made for shifts in equilibrium. Students will carry out the experiment and determine what side equilibrium actually shifts to. This determination, through the use of Le Chatleliers principle, will then be used to determine which is the dominant species, or coordination complex in each reaction. Procedure: Throughout the experiment the color and observations were continuously made. The cobalt (II) complexes were prepared by adding 3 mL of deionized water to the solid CoClv(2)†¢6Hv(2)O. In another test tube 3 mL of 12 M HCl was added to the solid CoClv(2)†¢6Hv(2)O. 0.309 g of CuClv(2)†¢2Hv(2)O was dissolved in a small beaker and the color was recorded; 10 mL of deionized water Next, the solution was evenly poured into three test tubes. In the hood, 4 mL of 6 M NHv(3) was added dropwise to the first test tube until the solution became clear to form [Cuv(9)NHv(3))4(Hv(2)O)v(2)] ²+. In the second test tube, 10 drops of NaOH was added and observations were recorded to form Cu(OH)v(2). We measured 5 mL of 6 M HCl and added it to the third test tube to form [CoCl4] ². 15 mL of a 0.1 M solution of CoClv(2)†¢6Hv(2)O was placed in a small beaker. Using a pipet, 2.0 mL of the solution was poured into each of the five labeled test tubes. Test tube #1 was set aside and used as a control. Set up separate charts for the addition of reagents (HCl, NaCl, and HNOv(3)), addition of water to test tube #3, heating to 100 ?C test tube #2-5, and cooling to 0 ?C test tube #2-5. Each chart should contain a prediction, observations, and predominant complex column. 0.3 g of CuClv(2)†¢2Hv(2)O was placed in an 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask and dissolved by 3mL of deionized water; observations were made. A chart was set up for the addition dropwise of NHv(3) (45 drops), HCl, and H2O to a flask and observations were recorded. Half of the solution was poured into a beaker. One was heated; the other was cooled, and compared. The heat was turned up high to boil the solution and observations were made. Discussion: This experiment related Le Chateliers Principle to shifting equilibrium. There is a large effect on the position of equilibrium by the addition of a species which participates this equilibrium. When a species is added that reacts and forms a predominant complex the equilibrium will shift to keep everything equal. An example of this is when HCl is added to the cobalt complex. The shifting of equilibrium can be seen when the solution starts out at pink color and when HCl is added it changes color to blue. The predominant complex is Cobalt Chloride. Water was added the above solution and the complex turned back to pink. The predominant complex turned from cobalt chloride to [Co(H2O)6]2+. Water is not directly participating in equilibrium but it still reacts with species in the solution and therefore indirectly causes a shift in equilibrium. Water is a solvent and any solvent does not appear in the equilibrium equation although it will still have an effect of equilibrium. This effect is the same as mentioned before in the idea that the solvent could react with a species in the solution and cause an inequality in equilibrium therefore causing a shift. Science Encyclopedia database. http://science.jrank.org/pages/1771/Coordination Compound.html. (Accessed November 1, 2009) Clackamus Community College database. http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch105-03/dynamic.htm (Accessed November 1, 2009) Chemguide database. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/lechatelier.html

Compare and Contrast All Quiet on the Western Front and Dulce et Decoru

The poem "Dulce et decorum est" by Wilfred Owen has a lot In common with "All Quiet on the Western Front." By Erich Remarque although Remarque never fought in the 1st World War. The Imagery in the prose is more detailed as it has more time to describe everything "The fields are flat." Some people think that this is better and it gives it a bit more feeling. Were as in the poem, Owen uses lots of short hard hitting words such as "Obscene as cancer" The poem gives a much more immediate effect in a shorter space of time. The imagery in the poem is quick and dramatic. The titles of the pieces are ironic "All Quiet on the Western Front" and "dulce et Decorum est" which means it is fitting and right. In the Poem everything is tired in the first stanza "Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines" This is a hyperbole as bombs don't become tired. The whole of the war became a sluggish battle. It is also a slow pace to start with in the prose with men looking forward to getting back the huts for some rest. "I wish I were back home. Home - he means the huts" In the second Stanz...

Watershed Management

Society and Polity 2010 Watershed Management – A Hope for Sustainable Development Table of Contents Watershed2 Integrated Watershed Management2 Categorization of Watersheds2 Need for Watershed Management:3 Characteristics of Watershed Management:3 Successful case of Watershed management in Maharashtra3 Approaches/methods used for people's participation4 Persuasion4 Gandhian Approach4 Creation of a common platform4 Selfless leadership5 Identification of the most pressing common problem5 Achievements at Ralegan Siddhi5 ————————————————-Watershed Management: A Hope for Sustainable Development Watershed A Watershed is defined as a topographically delineated geographical area in which the entire run-off tends to converge, through the existing drainage system, to the common outlet of the area for subsequent disposal. In other words, a watershed is an independent drainage u nit. Integrated Watershed Management It is the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed boundary Categorization of WatershedsWatersheds are categorized on the basis of the following criteria: * Based on Size: Based on size, the watersheds can be classified into micro, mini and large watersheds. The watersheds with area less than 500 ha are called as micro watersheds. The watersheds with area more than 500 ha but less than 2000 ha are called as mini watersheds. The watersheds with area more than 2000 ha are called as large watersheds. * Based on Drainage: Based on drainage, watersheds can be classified into drains and streams. Drains refer to the smaller water channels whereas streams refer to the larger water channels. Based on Shape: Based on shape, watersheds can be classified into two types namely fan-shaped and fern-shaped. Fan shaped water sheds are those which are circular or nearly circular in shape. Fern shaped watersheds are those which are elongated in shape. * Based on Other Criteria: Watersheds can also be classified according to other factors viz. altitude (high watersheds and flat watersheds), moisture content (arid watersheds and wet watersheds), type of soil (black-soil watersheds and red-soil watersheds), etc. Need for Watershed Management:Watersheds are an asset and therefore they need to be managed properly so that we are able to utilize them in the years to come. They act as a source of water for the people living in and around watershed areas. They help in maintaining the nutrients of the soil, thereby supporting the agriculture sector to give a sustained yield. They also act as a good source of irrigation for the fields throughout the year. Since they support vegetation, they also help in reducing soil erosion as the roots of the vegetation hold together the top layer of the fertile soil.They also hel p in the development of the forests as they act as good source of water for the forest flora and fauna. Objectives: * Water has multiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way. * Water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level. * Water allocation should take account of the interests of all who are affected. * Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good. Strategies: * A long term, viable sustainable future for basin stake holders. * Equitable access to water resources for water users. The application of principles of demand management for efficient utilisation. * Prevention of further environmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of degraded resources (long term). Characteristics of Watershed Management: * Allowing an adequate supply of water that is sustainable over many years. * Maintains water quality at level that meets government standards and other social water quality objectives. * Allows sustainable economic development over the sho rt and long term. Successful case of Watershed management in Maharashtra Development fundamentally refers to human beings.It should be a human experience to meet people's physical, mental and emotional aspirations and potentials, not just in economic terms but should also lead to a sense of self-sufficiency and fulfilment. Ralegan Siddhi, often termed as an oasis of greenery surrounded by dry and bare hilly tracts is a unique example of transformation from poverty to plenty and a living model of people's participation in natural resource management in a watershed. Ralegan Siddhi is a small village with an area of 982 ha in Parner county (taluka) of Ahmadnagar district, Maharashtra, India.It is a drought-prone and resource poor area with annual rainfall ranging between 50-700 mm and temperature varying between 28Â °C and 44Â °C. The village is surrounded by small hillocks on the northeast and southern sides. The land is undulating and slopes vary from 3-15%. The 1991 Census enumera ted a population of 1,982 living in 310 households (presently estimated to be around 325). The sex-ratio being 902 females per 1,000 males (1,029 in 1971; 1,013 in 1981). The continued decrease in the ratio is explained as the return of male folk to the village with improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the village.Backward classes (scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) constitute only 14. 23% of the total population. Marathas of Khatri caste out-number other castes and constitute nearly two-third of the families. Among others are the backward castes including Mhar, Chamar, Bharhadi, Pardi, Sutar, Barber, Fishermen, Matang etc. By 1975, prior to intervention by Mr. Anna Hazare, the village had become quite notorious with all sorts of social evils, moral down fall and with badly shattered economic conditions. In general, the village presented the profile of a poverty-stricken and debt-ridden society.Scarcity of water was key to distress which limited the prospects of agric ulture. The water table was below 20 m, most of the wells used to dry up during summer and the drinking water had to be fetched from the neighbouring villages. The high rate of surface run off, due to high degree of slope and lack of vegetative cover had washed away the top fertile layer of the soils. Barely 20 ha of the village area was under irrigation. As a consequence the agricultural production was too meagre to support and sustain the livelihoods of the people particularly the resource poor farmers.Not even 30% of the food grain requirements could be met from rain-fed mono-cropping practised in the village. Approaches/methods used for people's participation The approaches/methods used by him for the participation of farmers in natural resource management works are highlighted below. Persuasion First of all, Anna went through a careful envisioning of the deteriorating situation in village life and decided to initiate through religion-moral undercurrent by persuading the people for reconstruction of Sant Yadava Baba temple.But he failed to impress and influence the people at large, primarily because the people were too busy with their own business and the worldly affairs. Gandhian Approach The second step was to set up examples by self-practising rather than mere preaching as Mahatma Gandhi used to do. Initially it went on unnoticed but in due course it gathered momentum. Particularly, he tried to organize the youths of the village under ‘Tarun Mandal' (youth organization). Besides, participation from all the sections of society was ensured and encouraged.Creation of a common platform Keeping all the differences and disparities aside, a common platform and meeting ground was created in the form of Sant Yadav Baba's temple. People started sitting in groups during evenings and discussing about the affairs of the village and common concern. Thus, the process of friendship, cooperation and communication started. Selfless leadership Anna himself invested all the money he had (Rs. 20,000) for purchasing building materials for the temple before asking others to contribute. Identification of the most pressing common problemThe main reason of disintegration, division and distress of the village society was the lack of a sound livelihood support system. The economy of the village was agrarian and shortage of water for irrigation was the major constraint to its development. Thus, assured availability of water was collectively identified as the top priority in a meeting of villagers. Achievements at Ralegan Siddhi Successful abolition of social evils like alcoholism, dowry, corruption and the caste system. These changes paved the way for positive steps to development.Regeneration of watershed resources through people's participation, a living example of watershed development and management. Development of agriculture and allied sectors by better farming practices and cropping patterns, judicious use of water by introducing drip irrigation system, yield enhancement etc. as a result the village where nearly three-fourth population was below poverty line, has become self sufficient and is surplus in food grains, today. Conclusion * Improving agricultural productivity. * Improving vegetative covers. * Increasing fodder & food availability. Reducing soil erosion & nutrient loss. * Improve water availability of surface & groundwater. * Enhancing quality of life among local communities.The case study shows the success of Gandhian approach to people's participation in watershed management. Since 1975, this has resulted into participation of all the 325 village families, renovation of a temple, stopping illicit liquor distillation, water harvesting in 4 small watersheds, construction of many check dams, plantation of five hundred thousand forest trees, controlled grazing, raising of ground water level rom 20 m depth to 6. 5 m, sale of onions worth Rs. 80 million in 1995 alone (exchange rate in June 1995 1 US$ = Rs. 31. 3), so lar street lights, village toilets, biogas, organic farming, introduction of livestock, a full high school, institutionalization of decision making at village assembly level, local voluntary organizational capacity building, acceptance and application of voluntary code of conduct, formation of different action committees, etc. References

The Failure of the Vietnam War essays

The Failure of the Vietnam War essays The struggle in Vietnam failed for many reasons. Many historians agree on the fact that many of the troubles began in Washington for lack of a clear plan of action. The war became more problematic when American troops were not prepared for the tactics and the determination of the North Vietnamese. In addition, as the war dragged on without any success or end in sight, the American public reacted with a fury that could not be As with all wars, the intention for an American presence in South Vietnam was to prevent the spread of Communism. While many believed the war was wrong in that it promoted imperialism, others believed that the war was an opportunity to restore law and order. While many things were unclear about the war, the one thing that did seem clear was the fact that America could not keep the war at arm's length any longer. Support and aid were not going to be enough and when the American presence was felt, things Things in Washington became worse when Johnson's Secretary of Defense, John McNamara became uncomfortable with how things were unfolding in Vietnam. The president halted bombing for a short period of time in 1968 but those efforts were practically useless. The public was becoming outraged at the worsening situation while Johnson's advisors were urging him to send more troops to the area. He was torn with no clear answer. As a result, his popularity fell. Karnow claims, "The country's trust in his authority had evaporated. His credibilitythe key to a president's capacity to governwas gone" (Cooper 546). Johnson was not just facing a negative reaction from the public, he was facing failure in Vietnam, which ultimately meant failure in the next election. The pressure was so heavy that Johnson decided not to run for reelection. The bombing of North Vietnam was not nearly as successful as many had ...

Maintaining Internet Privacy essays

Maintaining Internet Privacy essays Louisiana law states "Every person shall be secure in his person, property, communications, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches, seizures, or invasions of privacy." (Article I, 5, p.3) Does this apply in accordance to online privacy? Louisiana has many distinctive laws and regulations that protect the communitys privacy. The laws protect the community from unlawful use of the Internet (i.e., Cyberstalking, Unauthorized revealing of personal information, etc). I believe that Louisiana has a firm grip on these laws and enforcing criminal action on those who do not abide. Over the past semi century the Internet has grown tremendously and therefore many directives for the privacy of the community have been set. Milestone cases such as McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, Stanley v. Georgia, and Tattered Cover Inc. v. City of Thornton are all court cases that involve the changing times and the enforcement of privacy and anonymity laws. I will address these court cases and a few others that Louisiana itself has come across, including a recent case in New Orleans that includes anonymous online commenting and how it may signify something larger and more pernicious. Online privacy in short is defined as the right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the storing, re-purposing, providing to third parties, and displaying of information pertaining to oneself via the Internet. What this mean is that we have the right to say what we want on the internet but there are some restrictions on how we do and in what manner we do it in. The Internet is full of millions of people reading and waiting for information, thus making the Internet the perfect medium between people and a golden door for intruders of privacy. Personal information such as social security numbers, drivers license number, account numbers, credit card number and security codes are our personal identity. This privacy is protected in L...

The Philosophy of Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Philosophy of Mind - Essay Example It also includes a brief analysis of the response of modern science to this classical assumption. Descartes believes that the tendency to associate sensible features with bodies is a mistake developed during childhood. During these early years individuals acquire the belief that the physical world is strongly connected to their sensations, or that it has the types of attributes it seems to possess in sense perception, both sensible and automatic. But indeed, he argues, bodies possess only automatic attributes, such as motion, size, and shape, and people’s perception of sensible attributes are brought about by formation of these attributes (Wilson 49). Challenging the simple perception of the physical world is a major objective of the Meditations. The movement against faith in the senses, and specifically against the belief that bodies are the same as sensations, is an important instrument in realising this objective, because Descartes believes the simple understanding of the physical world is mostly rooted in the notion that bodies are the same as people’s sensations (Morton 99). Descartes started his pursuit of truth by using his newly developed method of inquiry. His method used intense scepticism—all ideas that are doubtful were disregarded, including ancient wisdom taught by scholasticism. More critically, Descartes also doubted ideas coming from the senses because â€Å"from time to time I have found that the senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once† (Wilson 37). Evidently this argument encouraged questioning much of the established knowledge, and eliminating them as potential groundwork of thought. All ideas of the physical world might be untrue, since knowledge of them arises from the untrustworthy senses. Moreover, the presence of the physical body was questioned based on the same justification (Engel &

The Process of Sustainable Decision Making Process at Greenheart Essay

The Process of Sustainable Decision Making Process at Greenheart - Essay Example The main aim of this research essay is to evaluate the decision-making process at Greenheart, a multinational food company which was taken over by another multinational food chain in 2001, which was known as Greenheart Plus after the merger. The research essay will be analyzing the environmental investment decision making policy at Greenheart, which was entrusted to the CEO whereas it was delegated to TMT (a group of corporate top management team} and will be evaluating who was the best environmental decision maker, whether the individual CEO or the group team of TMT. It is to be observed that at Greenheart, much significance was given to environmental sustainability whereas at Greenheart Plus, much significance was given to the economic sustainability. Greenheart Plus relegated the environmental sustainability to the backyard by giving more significance to the economic sustainability as its core business –decision making process. This research essay employs a sociological out look to spot out two major concerns of the company and also will make two proposals for the efficient decision –making of the company in the near future. The Process of Sustainable Business Decision Making Process at Greenheart As per Laclau and Mouffe, the relationship between society and business organizations commenced at the start of 1970s due to materialization of social care movements and environmental activism in the USA, Europe and rest of the world. From the starting of 1990s, the societal care and environmental safety topped the business decision making. This can be evidenced from the new concept of ecological paradigm advanced by Catton and Dunlap in 1980s, which is a complete transformation to ecocentric thoughts from that of anthropocentric thoughts as advanced by Kennelly and Krause (1995).(â€Å"National Research Council,2005†) As per Levinger and Schneider’s (1969) social comparison theory, the people in group clusters act in a different way than individually. The general view is that the collective authority of a group outperforms the individual decision. Despite the individuals who are self-motivated can achieve an extraordinary ingenuity but working jointly as a team can gen erate astonishing outcomes and a better business decision. As per Guindham, as contrasted with individuals, business decisions taken by a group has proven positive as it offers commitment to their tasks. (Mullins, 2005p.569). A business decision may vary from individual to individual. As per â€Å"Herbert A. Simon†, a decision-making by an individual is subject to limits

The Theory of Leisure Class Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Theory of Leisure Class - Research Paper Example The present inquiry is not concerned with the beginning of indolence, nor with the beginning of the appropriation of useful articles to individual consumption (Hinkrl and Fotos, 2002). The point in question is the origin and nature of a conventional leisure class on the one hand and the beginnings of individual ownership as a conventional right or equitable claim on the other hand. The early differentiation out of which the distinction between leisure and a working class arises is a division maintained between men and women's work in the lower stages of barbarism (Hodgson, 2004). Likewise, the earliest form of ownership is an ownership of the women by the able-bodied men of the community. The facts may be expressed in more general terms, and truer to the import of the barbarian theory of life, by saying that it is an owner of the woman by the man. There was undoubtedly some appropriation of useful articles before the custom of appropriating women arose (Michelman, 1969). The usages of existing archaic communities in which there is no ownership of women is warranted for such a view. In all communities, the members, both male and female, habitually appropriate to their individual use a variety of useful things; but these useful things are not thought of as owned by the person who appropriates and consumes them (Mitchell, 1936). The habitual appropriation and consumption of certain slight personal effects go on without raising the question of ownership; that is to say, the question of a conventional, equitable claim to extraneous things. The ownership of women begins in the lower barbarian stages of culture, apparently with the seizure of female captives (Rosenberg, 1936). The original reason for the seizure and appropriation of women seems to have been their usefulness as trophies.

America’s economy after the Civil war Essay Example for Free

America’s economy after the Civil war Essay After the Civil war in the United States, Corporations grew significantly in number, size, and influence between the 1870s and 1900s. Big business impacted America’s economy, politics and as well as the Americans responses to these changes. Big business began when entrepreneurs in search for wealth and success combined their business into massive corporations. Vertical and horizontal integration were tactics used to make business grow faster. Vertical integration is the acquiring of material from the bottom up for means of production, for example Carnegie used this strategy. Horizontal integration is the controlling of other companies that produce the same product, which Rockefeller used. The corporations were so large that they could and some did, force out the competition which resulted them in gaining control of that particular market. This allowed corporations to set the prices they desired, which affected the consumers pocket as that was the only place they could obtain the product or good from. Business men who ran these large industries became extremely wealthy, powerful and influential, often at the expense of many poor workers, and much of the public saw them as robber barons who exploited workers, in order to accumulate immense fortunes. For example, in 1882 Rockefeller solidifies his control by establishing a monopoly or trust, which centralized control of a number of oil related companies under one board of trustee. By 1879, Rockefeller controlled 90% of the county’s oil capacity. As a result of this, companies in other industries quickly imitated this trust model and used their broad market control to raise prices. Also in document A, statistics are shown of the index prices to the average prices during a certain period of time and it is evident that as the years progressed, the cost for food, fuel and lighting decreased significantly but the cost of living of also decreased but not to the degree of the above mentioned. Trusts were a common way to force out the competition and control a market in the 1800s. Big business also impacted America politically as seen on document D. This political cartoon shows wealthy industrial owners, which are taking up most of the space in the US senate and are coming in from a door that is labeled â€Å"Entrance for monopolist† and all the trusts are lines up to enter. Also, in the left corner there is a door labeled â€Å"People’s entrance† that had a â€Å"closed† hanging from it, which clearly shows that the people do not have a say in the senate. This means that industries have a great amount of power in the senate as well as a big impact politically. Also in document B, from George E. McNeill, a labor leader, is a short passage about â€Å"The problem of today† in 1887. He starts out explains how the railroad president holds so much power that it is almost as if he were the king of the railroad. The article states that the railroad king collects his tithes, which is the 1/10th annual income given to clergy and to support the church, by lowering the worker’s wages. He also has the power to fire anyone, take away their income, delay trial on a suit at law, and postpone judgment indefinitely. This shows the amount of power in his hands, and how he has a say in politics and court. At the end, McNeill states, â€Å"In his right hand he holds the government; in his left hand, the people† to show the sense of control he has in both areas and the degree of his influence on both, the people, and his government. American’s responses to the growing corporations were evident in document C. In this document David A. Wells claims that individualism or independence of the producer in manufacturing has been in great degree destroyed as well as the pride workmen took in their work. Also, he says modern manufacturing systems have been brought into a condition similar of that of a military organization. This shows the rigidness of the bosses and the demand for their work to be perfect. It is also mentioned in this document that as a rule, workers are only good for one thing, and then are useless once there is no more work of that kind. Lastly, the works are no longer independent. But depend and have to obey rules to keep progressing. In document E, by Andrew Carnegie, he states that to set an example of modest he has to provide to those who depend on him. Andrew Carnegie of the steel industry donated much of his wealth to building libraries, schools, and universities to support the less fortunate or poor. The growth of corporations evidently impacted the economy and politics, as well as the American responses to these changes, in 1870-1900.

Cultures And Values In Human Society

Cultures And Values In Human Society Culture is the essential part of the humans society. Every person is spending his or her life within a certain cultural community. It frequently defines what kinds of person a man or woman is and what values will they have. Does the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology? Let us discuss this topic step by step. To understand it better, we can at first define what the cultural environment is and what influence it has on people within it. The very nature of the cultural environment is cultural and social aspects. It is could also be called a social context and sometimes milieu. It is a culture of a society or a group where a certain person is living or getting an education; it is institutions and people who interact with a certain human. By interaction we can mean not only different types of personal communication (like on a workplace, in class, with neighbors etc.); people could also communicate with each other by means of different communicational media (like phone, internet, newspapers, television etc). In spite of non personal type of the communication, people whom a man or a woman meets in internet can have an influence on his or her values and point of view. Also television and other mass media form our perception of life and other people little by little. This type of interaction we c an call one way or anonymous. It does not always imply the equality of the social status. Thus, the concept of a social environment is wider that the concept of a social circle or a social class. Nevertheless, it is common that those people who have the same social environment start having a sense of solidarity. They easily help and trust each other; also they tend to create a social group. As a result, those people will always have a similar way of thinking and similar patterns even if they make different conclusions. It shows us that people depend on society and culture around them very much whether they recognize this fact or not. Let us briefly define what culture itself is. It is going to help us understand what kind of effect it has on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology. There is plenty of information about culture and different consequences of it. It is impossible to transmit a culture through genealogy. Culture is not something innate; culture is something that everybody should learn. Different facets of it are interrelated; a culture is spread by those people within a group. Nowadays different cultures could easily exist within a country side by side (like it commonly happens in African countries). According to Hoebel (1960), the definition of a culture is following: The integrated sum total of learned behavioral traits that are manifest and shared by members of society. According Lawton (1975), culture includes age grading, religious rituals and athletic sport. According to Frow (1995) there are traditional differences in task and doing business were breaking down and this meant that standardization rather than adaptation is becoming increasingly prevalent. Probably, a culture is one of the most significant environmental variables that should be considered within a global marketing. Often a culture could not be freely overlooked; it often hiding from a view. Culture consists of some elements; they are language, aesthetics, religion, values and attitudes, education, social organization and material culture. It is necessary to discuss briefly every element of it. Material culture includes communications, power, transportations and others. Language is the next aspect of culture. It is a reflection of the values and nature of a certain society group. It could be sub-cultural languages, for example, dialects; in some countries it could be two or even more languages. Aesthetics includes art, dancing, arts-music. It concerns good taste, beauty, form and color of it. Education, as it is easy to see, includes the transmission of ideas, attitudes, skills and training in certain disciplines as well. Moreover, education serves as a transmitter of cultural and social values. Sometimes a child was introduced to the cultural value by school or later by university. Religion gives the humans behavior the best insight and as well it helps us to answer different questions, for example, why people behave n this way and not in another. We can see that culture is a complicate conception; it includes different aspects. What can we say about values conception? What is commonly meant by values? Shortly, by values a person may mean something that is really matter to him or her. It is beliefs and ideas somebody holds as special. Social and cultural environment forms ones values. Home, church school there are just some places where people could study values that are common for everybody within their cultural environment. Teachers, friends, parents are forming our personal system of values from day to day. As a result we have personal values. Arts et al. (2003) summarized that they consist of something that we accepted from people around as and that part that came with our own life experience. It is too compulsory to accept everything a person is hearing around him or her; nevertheless, values of cultural environment around us has its strong influence on our own system of values. Now, when we recognize what values, culture and cultural environment commonly mean we can examine the direct effect that the cultural environment has on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology. Before discussing the influence of a cultural environment on a person according to anthropology let us briefly mention the definition of the science. Saying shortly anthropology is the inquiry of humanity. Its origins throw back in the social sciences, natural science and humanities. The term itself is taken from the ancient Greek language and has two parts: man and study or discourse. The matters of anthropology are how do people behave, what are their physical traits, why we can see differences and variations between groups of people, and finally who was the ancestor of the modern humans. Anthropology is commonly divided in to four fields; they are cultural, or social, anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology and biological, or physical, anthropology. We can see that anthropology itself is the science that studies social and cultural values, differences, origins, roots etc. Thus, it is important to talk about the influence of culture environment according to this certain science. According to anthropology, a culture could be seated deeply; unprepared person could take some type of a culture like something senseless, strange and even cruel. Let us give an example. According to the Muslim culture a woman must cover her face with yashmak and hide herself from any alien. Nilaweera Wijetunga (2005) emphasized that this custom could appear strange and senseless to any person from Europe, United States or numeral other countries where people flaunt a womans form openly. Here is another example of the opposite culture. In some African countries (like Congo, Kenya etc) women do not wear top cloths. Oyeshile (2004) explained this fact that according to their culture, their traditions and according to their hot climate they do not consider the top of the female body something that they should cover or hide. There are many other different examples of things and customs that are unacceptable and even criminal in one part of the world; at the same time at another part of it people consider it the culture and commonly do it. Summarizing this short extract we can see that cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology. Continue the two examples above, a woman from the African country where there is not common or compulsory to cover her body with upper wear have values that are different from the values that are precious for a woman from a Muslim country. If those women could try to explain themselves their culture, values and reasons why they are keeping those culture values they would hardly understand each other. It is common that Muslim people condemn women from Europe and America. For them even the most modest and restrained American female seems to be a woman without culture values because she shows certain part of her body What can we say about the influence of the social environment on personal values for psychology? What is psychology? It is the science of the humans behavior and mind. This science is an attempt to understand humanity by exploring certain specific cases and by discovering some general principles as well. One of the main goals of psychology is to benefit the society. Scientists who involved in it we can divide in to some groups: cognitive scientists, social scientists and behavioral scientists. Among others, social behavior is among different subjects of psychology. The science of psychology explores following concepts: emotion, cognition, phenomenology, perception, attention, brain functioning, behavior, motivation, personality, unconscious mind and interpersonal relationships. As anthropology, the science of psychology is a social science and it has a strong connection with social environment. According to psychology, some type of behavior could be considered normal and other type c ould be considered abnormal. Commonly, humanity has the same nature. For example, murdering and cruelty is considered abnormal in every social group and community. Nevertheless, within some cultures the conception of cruelty may vary. Let us give an example. In American and European countries violation in any form is unacceptable even within a family. Thus people who keep doing it to others would consider psychologically abnormal. According to the culture of some eastern countries, especially countries with Muslim culture, a husband can beat his wife or punish her or in any other way if she does not satisfy him. What kind of misdeed could a wife do? She may cook a food that her husband does not like; she may say a word that her husband could consider unacceptable. People within the community with such culture are considered psychologically normal even if they commit violence every day. According to their culture cruelty is acceptable. A woman is expecting for it and she has no even right to complain. According to the example above we can see that psychological situation within a community could have a strong negative effect on personal values of a human. A person can look at low values of members of the community around him or her and subconsciously this person could understate those values that he or she had before. Psychologically people inclined to depend on society. That is why we can state that the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for psychology. Sociology is the last science that we are going to discuss. It studies the society using different methods of critical analysis and empirical investigations. This science refines and develops knowledge about the activity of human society. One of the aims of sociology is to achieve the social welfare with the mean of the knowledge. Mancheno-Smoak et al. (2009) stated that the field of interests in sociology varies from the micro level of interaction and agency to the macro level of social structures and systems. It is a very broad conception that is focused traditionally on social class, religion, social stratification, social mobility, secularization, deviance and law. It includes all spheres of peoples activity. It is interesting that sociology studies different types of interactions between people. We are living in the age of the world wide globalization when the whole planet is becoming one big house. Different cultural and social communities are not staying separate from each oth er like it was some hundreds years ago. People are moving, migrating and spreading their culture and different values among other societies. Why can we state that according to sociology, the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community? First reason is that people like to communicate with each other. It means that they getting some new knowledge and values. Roniger (1995) declared that when representatives of different cultures are staying in contact for some time they will get used to new values. It will stop being new for them. New cultural values will become common and according to sociology people will start accepting it in their lives. In some time they would not remember that one or another culture or value was not imparted to them. And it is the second reason why the cultural environment has an effect on values of people for sociology. In other words, when people move from one place to another they create a new social group with mixed culture and values. In conclusion of all factors and aspects that we discussed above we can see that anthropology, sociology and psychology are connected between each other. These three sciences are all about the human nature, culture and community. They are examining interactions and cooperation between different people; we can state that the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology because according to these sciences it is up to peoples nature to take something new from others. According to religion, human society was created as one big family. Let us agree that this statement is right; thus, we need to accept that people within a social community have a direct effect on each other in the same way in which members within an ordinary family have. Every science that we discussed has one main aim to make our society better. We need to remember that it is up to everybody to help in achievement of this aim.

Vladimir Lenin :: Vladimir Lenin Essays

Vladimir Lenin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vladimir Ilich Lenin was born on May 4, 1870. In school, he was very bright, and enjoyed reading and writings of Goethe and Turgenev. Lenin’s father died of a cerebral hemorrhage and his brother was hung for plotting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. Lenin was finally accepted to the Kazan University where he studied law. He was expelled, and later studied law on his own and passed the exam in first in a class of 124 people in 1891.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1895, Lenin traveled to Switzerland to meet like minded Social Democrats. He and Georgi Plekhanov argued over the means of bringing about change in Russia, and in tern led to the eventual split of the Social Democratic party into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. Lenin was put in prison for fifteen months for obtaining illegal pamphlets. After he served his term, he was exiled to Siberia, and got married. They went back to Switzerland in 1900 and started his paper, the Iskra. Lenin made a deal with the Germans that he would take power and pull Russia out of the war. Lenin then came to power in October 1917.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1918, the Mensheviks fought the Bolsheviks, resulting in a Menshevik loss. Between 1919 to 1921, typhus destroyed Russia and killed over 27 million people! Vladimir Lenin began the New Economic Plan. This came about to revitalize the economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May 1922, Lenin suffered from a stroke, and also received one less than a year later. He tried to prevent Stalin from succeeding him but could not do so, due to his cleverness. Lenin suffered one more stroke before he died with a cerebral hemorrhage, just like his father did, on January 21, 1924.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am in favor of Lenin’s Bolsheviks, because I like the discipline and professionalism of a smaller group compared to a loosely organized mass party.

Interview Paper Essay

One day forty four years ago, a baby was born in Texas. He was growing up healthily in the warm Texas wind and heat year after year. His name is James Cambell, a man who never stopped chasing his dream with great zest although he is now forty four years old. Spring has always rightly been identified with youth, and the sorrows of youth are poignant and unrepeatable, but he never thinks it is too late to achieve something, a dream or a goal, could be very large or very tiny. When James was young, he had always had a dream that he could travel across the country and now he still has it. Ever since high school James loved jogging and fishing. In the 1980s, a lot of electrical equipment and electronic devices came into this world. At this time, many experts and scientists were predicting the 21th century would be the internet age. As he was a boy, no one could stop James Cambell to be attracted to these electronic devices. So, he started playing and learning about these devices. After he finished his schooling, he got a job in electronics. Many years later, he fell in love with a girl who later became his wife. Everything is impermanent and can be changed. Marriage or divorce and its many ups and downs, still exercised a powerful hold over newspapers, magazines, and the airwaves. Unfortunately, James Cambell was one of them. However, divorce is not always a bad thing. It could be a good in that you as an individual get less stressed and more free time in life. Today, he’s still working in the electrical field and he thinks it is an appropriate time to get more knowledge about electrical technology. Consequently, he’s at HCC now studying Electrical Engineering. In our youth, everyone makes mistakes, and wondered what the world had in stock for them. They too might have had confusion about the future. Brian Mosley was born in Houston. Without exception, he made a so-called mistake when he was young. Life can sure throw a curve ball when you least expect it. A newborn entered his life at age eighteen and had to find work to support him and his new family. When I asked him, â€Å"have you ever had any regrets about what happened?† He said he never thought it was a mistake because he looked at the situation through optimist eyes. If there was only half a cup of water left, an optimistic person may cheer for it because they still have the half. Obviously, Brian was an optimistic person that  never felt unhappy or sorrowful. There is no denying that, most optimists have a high happiness index, which can hardly be experienced by pessimists. His attitude had moved his wife and parents strongly so they too can view life in the same perspective. As a result, the atmosphere of optimism and happiness had been naturally set up and his mom aided to him to take care of the baby. Fourteen years later, Brian’s second boy was expectably born when he was thirty two years old. Today, he is a thirty nine years old man with less pressure and more freedom. His work schedule allows him to attend HCC to continue receiving a higher education to later support his family even further. Now he’s studying physical therapy for his interest. He hopes he can travel with his family on road trips across the whole country in the upcoming years. There is always a lot of fun in an extended family. Sometimes people may squabble but never take it to heart. Twenty seven years ago, Michael was born in Houston and he had two brothers and three sisters. Unfortunately, he was oldest child had to take care of them and forgive their mistakes. In other words he had to start learning more than his brothers and sisters such as doing housework. In such a situation, he had been independent earlier than others. Every time when Michael was awake dead at night he always felt lonely and so he would ask himself what is needed of him. Sometimes, he still felt lonely, but is loneliness a terrible thing? Obviously, the answer is no, because loneliness also could bring something good to him. Because of lacking help from others, he became prone to dealing with all kinds of situations by himself. Thus, he would be more independent in life and he can endure more setbacks and pressure. Now Michael likes watching comedy and shopping with his friends. He has a three years old daughter. And he’s studying business in HCC to get a more interesting and better job.

Gun Control misc8 essays

Gun Control misc8 essays Since the days of the pioneers of the United States, firearms have been part of the American tradition as protection and a means of hunting or sport. As we near the end of the 20th century the use of guns has changed significantly. Because of fast and steady increase in crime and the fight for the right to own a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to reduce the crime in the United States, has been a hotly debated issue in recent years. Although many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people, given in the second amendment "the right to bear arms", controlling distribution and sales and the registration of guns and gun owners is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns and the violence by criminals using guns. Many people feel that gun control violates the right of the people given in the second amendment the right "to bear arms". Opponents of gun control, including the National Rifle Association, better known as the NRA, argue that the "right To bear arms" is guaranteed in the second amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America and licensing restrictions penalize law-abiding citizens while in no way preventing criminal use of handguns. It is also argued that by making it difficult for guns to be bought and registered for the American public there is a threat to the personal safety of American families everywhere. However controlling the sale and distribution of firearms is necessary because of the homicide rate involving guns. In 1988 there were 9000 handgun related murders in America. Metropolitan centers and some suburban communities of America are setting new records for homicides by handguns. Larger Metropolitan centers have ten times the murder rate of all Western Europe. For example in Washington,D.C. there was an estimated 400 homicides including guns. In addition gun control has been seen as necessa...

6 Proven Ways for Women to Get a Higher Salary

6 Proven Ways for Women to Get a Higher Salary By now, you’ve likely heard the rather grim statistics: on average, women earn less money than men for comparable jobs. In 2015, women made 80 cents for every dollar earned by men in the same roles, according to the Institute of Women’s Policy Research. The whys and hows of this salary difference is kind of a political football- everyone seems to have an opinion why that is, or even whether the gender gap truly exists. While that discussion is for another time and place, let’s go with the stats on this one, and look at how women can overcome challenges and pay disparities to improve their own salary outlook. 1. Be your own best advocate.The first thing you need to do is understand that this is your ball to carry. No one is going to come along with a big check and say, â€Å"You know what, you deserve more money. Take this!† No matter how awesome you are at your job, or how above and beyond you’ve gone lately, it’s most likely going to be up t o you to help ensure that you’re being compensated as much as possible.This is something I’ve struggled with personally throughout my career. I’ve always had the mindset of, â€Å"I’m gonna work really hard, and be really great at this, and people are going to notice and reward me accordingly.† Guess what? Praise and acknowledgment don’t necessarily translate into higher salary. Once I realized that it was on me to make sure I was making what I was worth- and taking positive, proactive steps to make that happen.2. Know your market value.This is key. Increasing your salary is going to be very difficult if you don’t really know what other people are making in your field and at your experience level. If your ask isn’t reasonable, your chances of getting a bumped-up salary are somewhere in the area of â€Å"laughed out of the room.†In another hard lesson in my career, a colleague who was leaving our company let me know what he was earning there (we had the same job title and responsibilities). It was significantly more than I was making at the time, and I was floored. When I brought this up to my boss, her response? â€Å"You weren’t supposed to know that.† Maybe not, in some unspoken â€Å"talking money is rude† kind of way, but I did know it, and it gave me a number to aim for when it came time for the annual review and salary increase.You shouldn’t have to rely on the grapevine to know what others are making, but you also probably shouldn’t walk right up to your coworkers and demand to see their pay stubs. We have tons of great tools available to us to find out what others are making in our industry, and what we can reasonably expect based on experience, location, etc.:Salary.comPayScaleGlassdoorYou can use all of these without having a single awkward conversation about salary and personal finances. Don’t hesitate to have as much information at your disposal as possible. And don’t let anyone convince you that it’s rude to talk numbers when it comes to your own career and salary goals.4. Negotiate every time.According to Stanford-based leadership expert Margaret A. Neale, women just don’t negotiate at the rates that men do. And in fact, Linda Babcock, author of Women Don’t Ask, found that while 57% of men negotiate salary, only about 7% of women do. Seriously, 7%! It looks like everyone- men and women alike- should be negotiating more, but especially women. Not negotiating is like closing a door without checking to see if anyone’s there. How do you know if there’s an opportunity to increase your salary if you haven’t even tried yet?And don’t think that negotiation is just for new job offers- you should be negotiating your salary at every chance, including annual reviews, after times when you’ve gone above and beyond at work or taken on new responsibilities successfully, and/ or when you discover that your market value is higher than your current salary level. Whether you’re a negotiation newbie or want to bump up your skills and become a master negotiator, we have plenty of resources for you:Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating SalaryHow to Get a Raise at Work6 Tips for Negotiating the Salary You WantThe Super Easy Guide: How to Negotiate a Raise and PromotionThere are also lots of experts online who have honed their negotiating skills, and want to share that information with other women. Resources like MichelleMotivateMe are a great place to start:Once you get over any hesitations about getting in there and playing the negotiation game, you’ll have started advocating for yourself and your salary goals in the best and most direct way possible.5. Think small (company).If you’ve tried negotiating and still fallen short of your salary goals, it might be time to think about switching companies. Hired.com investigated wage gaps at dif ferent kinds of companies, and came up with some intriguing statistics around the unfortunately traditional wage gap. It turns out that smaller companies and startup companies are less likely to have significant wage gaps, compared to companies that were bigger and more corporate, or that had been established longer.The thinking behind this? Small companies tend to have more visibility into salaries, which is an equalizer. If employees know that Frank two desks away is making more for the same job, the company has an employee relations incentive to keep things more equal. The other interesting angle was that startup (or â€Å"seed stage†) companies may have less pay disparity because they have less flexibility in the salaries they can offer employees, so they can’t really afford to offer one employee a drastically different salary than another employee in the same role.So what does this mean for your own salary? You might want to consider whether there are companies in your field that can offer you better salary- less established companies that you may not have considered before.6. Think outside your career box.If you feel like you’re stuck in a pay rut, you might also want to consider a job change. There are growing fields, like logistics/trucking, manufacturing, and information technology, where women are the minority of workers. Many women have the base skills necessary for these â€Å"middle-skill† jobs (which often don’t require a college degree), but just aren’t pursuing them at the same rate men are. If you’re looking for more opportunities to segue into higher-paying roles, one of these industries might be a great path for you. (Just don’t forget to negotiate!)The good news is that statistics may inform us about what’s going on, but they don’t have to define us- or our careers. There’s no reason to accept the status quo when it comes to your own career and your goals. If youâ €™re a woman and you’re interested in boosting your earning potential, you have tools to help you do that. And if more women take control of their salary destiny and start using all of those tools, we can start changing those stats, one closed gap at a time.