Marketing plan for Cheerios Cereal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing plan for Cheerios Cereal - Essay Example .................................................................................. Environment.................................................................................................................... SWOT Analysis............................................................................................................... Super SWOT Analysis.................................................................................................... Overall Strategic Objectives........................................................................................... Strategic Focus................................................................................................................ Objectives....................................................................................................................... Corporate Objectives...................................................................................................... Marketing Objectives..................... ................................................................................. The Marketing Mix †¦.................................................................................................... Product............................................................................................................................ Place................................................................................................................................ ... ................................................................................................ Physical Evidence........................................................................................................... Processes......................................................................................................................... Segmentation................................................................................................................... Targeting......................................................................................................................... Positioning †¦................................................................................................................. Tactics............................................................................................................................. Communication Tools..................................................................................................... Resource Requirements †¦.............................................................................................. Proposed Pricing Model.................................................................................................. Monitoring...................................................................................................................... Bibliography.................................................................................................................... Appendix 1: External Audit............................................................................................ Appendix 2: Market Environment †¦.............................................................................. Appendix 3: Industry

How does the rise of ethical consumers effect corporate social Essay

How does the rise of ethical consumers effect corporate social responsibility - Essay Example While taking price and quality into consideration, ethical consumers apply to the decision making process some additional criteria, which may be their priority issues in some cases. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompasses the relationship between corporations or other large organizations and the societies with which they interact. CSR also includes all the responsibilities which are a part of these relationships, for both the organizations and the societies. All stakeholders and constituent groups that have an interest in the organization’s operations are included in CSR’s wide and multiple-level definition of society. Corporate social responsibility can be defined as â€Å"the broad concept that businesses are more than just profit-seeking entities and therefore also have an obligation to benefit society† (Werther & Chandler, 2006: 6-7). Strategic corporate social responsibility is the concept that for long-term benefits to the organization, CSR should be made a part of the firm’s strategic perspective and operations. It has been recognized that the activities of an organization influence the external environment, hence it is important that the organization should be accountable to not only its stakeholders, but also to a wider community. This concept initially took root in the 1970s, and grew as a concern for the company as a member of society, with a wider view of company performance including its social performance (Crowther & Rayman-Bacchus, 2004: 3). Though community accountability was acknowledged as essential, the focus of big business on financial results was observed to be an impediment to social responsiveness, especially in the early years of the accountability concept taking shape. There is now an increasing move towards accountability of companies towards all participants, and this recent phenomenon is getting established as the

Discuss the Iranian Constitutional Revolution's causes and outcomes Essay

Discuss the Iranian Constitutional Revolution's causes and outcomes - Essay Example The Iranian constitutional Revolution of 1906 stands to highlight the pivotal moment, that shaped the formation of the modern Iraq nation. The Iranian society underwent a series of changes that affected its power relations, social structure, and the political language (Campo, 2009:55). In addition, the relentless European penetration into the nation led to its subsequent weakening, affecting the economy as well as the traditional elites thus bringing Iran in the doorsteps of the expanding capitalism system (Afary, Anderson & Foucault, 2005:90). This processes led the country into a change of the constitution. This research paper will analyze the chronology of events that necessitated Iran’s new constitutional dispensation, first the birth of the revolution, secondly the causes of the constitutional revolution and thirdly the outcomes of the constitutional revolution. The itinerary of the revolution To begin with, the itinerary of Iran’s constitutional birth traces back to the days of Qajar regime (Sohrabi, 2011:48). A journey shed new light to the country. It highlighted the role of ordinary citizens, peasantry, the status of women, and the multifaceted structure of the Iranian society, in the course of realizing the new law reforms. As stated earlier in the introduction, the new changes in the military, administrative, educational, and judicial reforms led to emergency of new institutions and a new social stratum of intellectuals. As this seemed not going to end, the simplification of the Persian prose, which aimed at articulating it to a new system of historical narration no longer basing on Muslim, was on its way to change the existing social norms (Daniel, 2000:54). As a reason to this, the dominant Iranian conversation or discourse changed. This discourse, which was the bonding element between state and religion, led to the emergency of new relations of power and knowledge. People shifted away from the use of possessors of knowledge to being spiritualists (Katouzian, 2006:105). They now referred to the religious elites. At this level, it is clear that the country was operating on two different and opposing blocs. Qajar regime tried to create social reforms in the existing institutions. The regime-faced collisions even from clergies who had became an important component of the power bloc. As a result, with each group having its own resolutions and visions, the end was a conflict of interest. This slowed down the pace of reforms. The lag in the realization of reforms increased the dissatisfaction between the merchants and the intellectuals. Consequently, this brought uneasiness to the Qajar’s. At this stage, the merchants and the intellectuals opposed the government’s slow pace because they believed they possessed more revitalized ideas. All those who were for the reforms and those who formed the pact of not in support, ganged up to discredit the government due to its despotism of the state (Sohrabi, 2011:66 ). The aftermath of this was the fight that targeted despotism. This brought together even the opposing forces, which prior had diverse antagonistic demands and aspirations. In this emerging discourse, the political space divided into two (Afary, Anderson & Foucault, 2005:114). There was the state on one side and the antagonistic poles on the other (people and the state). On the side of the, opposing force, only one thing unified them, the defense of their creed (defense of the millat). At this time, there was a radical

Marketing plan for Cheerios Cereal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing plan for Cheerios Cereal - Essay Example .................................................................................. Environment.................................................................................................................... SWOT Analysis............................................................................................................... Super SWOT Analysis.................................................................................................... Overall Strategic Objectives........................................................................................... Strategic Focus................................................................................................................ Objectives....................................................................................................................... Corporate Objectives...................................................................................................... Marketing Objectives..................... ................................................................................. The Marketing Mix †¦.................................................................................................... Product............................................................................................................................ Place................................................................................................................................ ... ................................................................................................ Physical Evidence........................................................................................................... Processes......................................................................................................................... Segmentation................................................................................................................... Targeting......................................................................................................................... Positioning †¦................................................................................................................. Tactics............................................................................................................................. Communication Tools..................................................................................................... Resource Requirements †¦.............................................................................................. Proposed Pricing Model.................................................................................................. Monitoring...................................................................................................................... Bibliography.................................................................................................................... Appendix 1: External Audit............................................................................................ Appendix 2: Market Environment †¦.............................................................................. Appendix 3: Industry

Discuss the Iranian Constitutional Revolution's causes and outcomes Essay

Discuss the Iranian Constitutional Revolution's causes and outcomes - Essay Example The Iranian constitutional Revolution of 1906 stands to highlight the pivotal moment, that shaped the formation of the modern Iraq nation. The Iranian society underwent a series of changes that affected its power relations, social structure, and the political language (Campo, 2009:55). In addition, the relentless European penetration into the nation led to its subsequent weakening, affecting the economy as well as the traditional elites thus bringing Iran in the doorsteps of the expanding capitalism system (Afary, Anderson & Foucault, 2005:90). This processes led the country into a change of the constitution. This research paper will analyze the chronology of events that necessitated Iran’s new constitutional dispensation, first the birth of the revolution, secondly the causes of the constitutional revolution and thirdly the outcomes of the constitutional revolution. The itinerary of the revolution To begin with, the itinerary of Iran’s constitutional birth traces back to the days of Qajar regime (Sohrabi, 2011:48). A journey shed new light to the country. It highlighted the role of ordinary citizens, peasantry, the status of women, and the multifaceted structure of the Iranian society, in the course of realizing the new law reforms. As stated earlier in the introduction, the new changes in the military, administrative, educational, and judicial reforms led to emergency of new institutions and a new social stratum of intellectuals. As this seemed not going to end, the simplification of the Persian prose, which aimed at articulating it to a new system of historical narration no longer basing on Muslim, was on its way to change the existing social norms (Daniel, 2000:54). As a reason to this, the dominant Iranian conversation or discourse changed. This discourse, which was the bonding element between state and religion, led to the emergency of new relations of power and knowledge. People shifted away from the use of possessors of knowledge to being spiritualists (Katouzian, 2006:105). They now referred to the religious elites. At this level, it is clear that the country was operating on two different and opposing blocs. Qajar regime tried to create social reforms in the existing institutions. The regime-faced collisions even from clergies who had became an important component of the power bloc. As a result, with each group having its own resolutions and visions, the end was a conflict of interest. This slowed down the pace of reforms. The lag in the realization of reforms increased the dissatisfaction between the merchants and the intellectuals. Consequently, this brought uneasiness to the Qajar’s. At this stage, the merchants and the intellectuals opposed the government’s slow pace because they believed they possessed more revitalized ideas. All those who were for the reforms and those who formed the pact of not in support, ganged up to discredit the government due to its despotism of the state (Sohrabi, 2011:66 ). The aftermath of this was the fight that targeted despotism. This brought together even the opposing forces, which prior had diverse antagonistic demands and aspirations. In this emerging discourse, the political space divided into two (Afary, Anderson & Foucault, 2005:114). There was the state on one side and the antagonistic poles on the other (people and the state). On the side of the, opposing force, only one thing unified them, the defense of their creed (defense of the millat). At this time, there was a radical

Microprocessor and Interfacing Essay Example for Free

Microprocessor and Interfacing Essay Peripherals and Interfacing PIO 8255 The parallel input-output port chip 8255 is also called as programmable peripheral input-output port. The Intel’s 8255 is designed for use with Intel’s 8-bit, 16-bit and higher capability microprocessors. It has 24 input/output lines which may be individually programmed in two groups of twelve lines each, or three groups of eight lines. The two groups of I/O pins are named as Group A and Group B. Each of these two groups contains a subgroup of eight I/O lines called as 8-bit port and another subgroup of four lines or a 4-bit port. Thus Group A contains an 8-bit port A along with a 4-bit port. C upper. PIO 8255 †¢ The port A lines are identified by symbols PA0-PA7 while the port C lines are identified as PC4-PC7. Similarly, GroupB contains an 8-bit port B, containing lines PB0-PB7 and 4-bit port C with lower bits PC0- PC3. The port C upper and port C lower can be used in combination as an 8-bitport C. †¢ Both the port C are assigned the same address. Thus one may have either three 8-bit I/O ports or two 8-bit and two 4-bit ports from 8255. All of these ports can function independently either as input or as output ports. This can be achieved by programming the bits of an internal register of 8255 called as control word register ( CWR ). PIO 8255 †¢ The internal block diagram and the pin configuration of 8255 are shown in fig. †¢ The 8-bit data bus buffer is controlled by the read/write control logic. The read/write control logic manages all of the internal and external transfers of both data and control words. †¢ RD, WR, A1, A0 and RESET are the inputs provided by the microprocessor to the READ/ WRITE control logic of 8255. The 8-bit, 3-state bidirectional buffer is used to interface the 8255 internal data bus with the external system data bus. PIO 8255 †¢ This buffer receives or transmits data upon the execution of input or output instructions by the microprocessor. The control words or status information is also transferred through the buffer. †¢ The signal description of 8255 are briefly presented as follows : †¢ PA7-PA0: These are eight port A lines that acts as either latched output or buffered input lines depending upon the control word loaded into the control word register. †¢ PC7-PC4 : Upper nibble of port C lines. They may act as either output latches or input buffers lines. PIO 8255 This port also can be used for generation of handshake lines in mode 1 or mode 2. †¢ PC3-PC0 : These are the lower port C lines, other details are the same as PC7-PC4 lines. †¢ PB0-PB7 : These are the eight port B lines which are used as latched output lines or buffered input lines in the same way as port A. †¢ RD : This is the input line driven by the microprocessor and should be low to indicate read operation to 8255. †¢ WR : This is an input line driven by the microprocessor. A low on this line indicates write operation. PIO 8255 †¢ CS : This is a chip select line. If this line goes low, it enables the 8255 to respond to RD and WR signals, otherwise RD and WR signal are neglected. †¢ A1-A0 : These are the address input lines and are driven by the microprocessor. These lines A1-A0 with RD, WR and CS from the following operations for 8255. These address lines are used for addressing any one of the four registers, i. e. three ports and a control word register as given in table below. †¢ In case of 8086 systems, if the 8255 is to be interfaced with lower order data bus, the A0 and A1 pins of 8255 are connected with A1 and A2 respectively. RD 0 0 0 0 RD 1 1 1 1 RD X 1 WR 1 1 1 1 WR 0 0 0 0 WR X 1 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 1 0 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 X X A0 0 1 0 1 A0 0 1 0 1 A0 X X Input (Read) cycle Port A to Data bus Port B to Data bus Port C to Data bus CWR to Data bus Output (Write) cycle Data bus to Port A Data bus to Port B Data bus to Port C Data bus to CWR Function Data bus tristated Data bus tristated Control Word Register PIO 8255. †¢ D0-D7 : These are the data bus lines those carry data or control word to/from the microprocessor. †¢ RESET : A logic high on this line clears the control word register of 8255. All ports are set as input ports by default after reset. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. †¢ It has a 40 pins of 4 groups. Data bus buffer Read Write control logic Group A and Group B controls Port A, B and C Data bus buffer: This is a tristate bidirectional buffer used to interface the 8255 to system databus. Data is transmitted or received by the buffer on execution of input or output instruction by the CPU. Control word and status information are also transferred through this unit. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) Read/Write control logic: This unit accepts control signals ( RD, WR ) and also inputs from address bus and issues commands to individual group of control blocks ( Group A, Group B). †¢ It has the following pins. a) CS Chipselect : A low on this PIN enables the communication between CPU and 8255. b) RD (Read) A low on this pin enables the CPU to read the data in the ports or the status word through data bus buffer. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) WR ( Write ) : A low on this pin, the CPU can write data on to the ports or on to the control register through the data bus buffer. ) RESET: A high on this pin clears the control register and all ports are set to the input mode e) A0 and A1 ( Address pins ): These pins in conjunction with RD and WR pins control the selection of one of the 3 ports. †¢ Group A and Group B controls : These block receive control from the CPU and issues commands to their respective ports. c) Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ Group A PA and PCU ( PC7 -PC4) †¢ Group B PCL ( PC3 PC0) †¢ Control word register can only be written into no read operation of the CW register is allowed. a) Port A: This has an 8 bit latched/buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in 3 modes mode 0, mode 1, mode 2. b) Port B: This has an 8 bit latched / buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in mode 0, mode1. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture). c) Port C : This has an 8 bit latched input buffer and 8 bit out put latched/buffer. This port can be divided into two 4 bit ports and can be used as control signals for port A and port B. it can be programmed in mode 0. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ These are two basic modes of operation of 8255. I/O mode and Bit Set-Reset mode (BSR). †¢ In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while in BSR mode only port C (PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. †¢ Under the I/O mode of operation, further there are three modes of operation of 8255, so as to support different types of applications, mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ BSR Mode: In this mode any of the 8-bits of port C can be set or reset depending on D0 of the control word. The bit to be set or reset is selected by bit select flags D3, D2 and D 1 of the CWR as given in table. I/O Modes : a) Mode 0 ( Basic I/O mode ): This mode is also called as basic input/output mode. This mode provides simple input and output capabilities using each of the three ports. Data can be simply read from and written to the input and output ports respectively, after appropriate initialisation. D3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 D2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Selected bit s of port C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 BSR Mode : CWR Format PA 8 2 5 5 PCU PCL PA6 PA7 PC4 PC7 PC0-PC3 PB PB0 PB7 8 2 5 5 PA PCU PCL PB PA PC PB0 PB7 All Output Port A and Port C acting as O/P. Port B acting as I/P Mode 0 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. The salient features of this mode are as listed below: Two 8-bit ports ( port A and port B )and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower ) are available. The two 4-bit ports can be combinedly used as a third 8-bit port. Any port can be used as an input or output port. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O configuration are possible. All these modes can be selected by programming a register internal to 8255 known as CWR. 2. 3. 4. †¢ Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. †¢ The control word register has two formats. The first format is valid for I/O modes of operation, i. e. modes 0, mode 1 and mode 2 while the second format is valid for bit set/reset (BSR) mode of operation. These formats are shown in following fig. D7 1 D6 X D5 X D4 X D3 D2 D1 D0 0- Reset 0-for BSR mode Bit select flags D3, D2, D1 are from 000 to 111 for bits PC0 TO PC71- Set I/O Mode Control Word Register Format and BSR Mode Control Word Register Format PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 RD CS GND A1 A0 PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PB0 PB1 PB2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 WR Reset D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Vcc PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 8255A 8255A Pin Configuration = D0-D7 CS RESET 8255A A0 A1 RD PA0-PA7 PC4-PC7 PC0-PC3 PB0-PB7 Vcc WR GND Signals of 8255 3 Group A control 1 D0-D7 Data bus Buffer 8 bit int data bus 4 Group A Port A(8) PA0-PA7 Group A Port C upper(4) Group B Port C Lower(4) PC7-PC4 PC0-PC3 2 RD WR A0 A1 RESET CS Block Diagram of 8255 READ/ WRITE Control Logic Group B control PB7-PB0 Group B Port B(8) D7 D6 D5 Mode for Port A D4 PA D3 PC U D2 Mode for PB D1 PB D0 PC L Mode Set flag 1- active 0- BSR mode Group A 1 Input PC u 0 Output 1 Input PA 0 Output 00 mode 0 Mode 01 mode 1 Select of PA 10 mode 2 Group B PCL PB Mode Select 1 Input 0 Output 1 Input 0 Output 0 mode- 0 1 mode- 1 Control Word Format of 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) b) Mode 1: ( Strobed input/output mode ) In this mode the handshaking control the input and output action of the specified port. Port C lines PC0-PC2, provide strobe or handshake lines for port B. This group which includes port B and PC0-PC2 is called as group B for Strobed data input/output. Port C lines PC3-PC5 provide strobe lines for port A. This group including port A and PC3-PC5 from group A. Thus port C is utilized for generating handshake signals. The salient features of mode 1 are listed as follows: Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) 1. 2. 3. 4. Two groups group A and group B are available for strobed data transfer. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input and output port. The inputs and outputs both are latched. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 are used to generate control signals for port B and PC3-PC5 are used to generate control signals for port A. he lines PC6, PC7 may be used as independent data lines. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The control signals for both the groups in input and output modes are explained as follows: Input control signal definitions (mode 1 ): †¢ STB( Strobe input ) If this lines falls to logic low level, the data available at 8-bit input port is loaded into input latches. †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) If this signal rises to logic 1, it indicates that data has been loaded into latches, i. e. it works as an acknowledgement. IBF is set by a low on STB and is reset by the rising edge of RD input. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) This active high output signal can be used to interrupt the CPU whenever an input device requests the service. INTR is set by a high STB pin and a high at IBF pin. INTE is an internal flag that can be controlled by the bit set/reset mode of either PC4 (INTEA) or PC2(INTEB) as shown in fig. †¢ INTR is reset by a falling edge of RD input. Thus an external input device can be request the service of the processor by putting the data on the bus and sending the strobe signal. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. Output control signal definitions (mode 1) : †¢ OBF (Output buffer full ) This status signal, whenever falls to low, indicates that CPU has written data to the specified output port. The OBF flip-flop will be set by a rising edge of WR signal and reset by a low going edge at the ACK input. †¢ ACK ( Acknowledge input ) ACK signal acts as an acknowledgement to be given by an output device. ACK sig nal, whenever low, informs the CPU that the data transferred by the CPU to the output device through the port is received by the output device. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) Thus an output signal that can be used to interrupt the CPU when an output device acknowledges the data received from the CPU. INTR is set when ACK, OBF and INTE are 1. It is reset by a falling edge on WR input. The INTEA and INTEB flags are controlled by the bit set-reset mode of PC 6and PC2 respectively. 1 0 1 0 Input control signal definitions in Mode 1 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 1 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 Input 0 Output For PC6 PC7 PA0 PA7 INTEA PC4 PC5 STBA IBFA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 PB7 INTEB PC 2 PC1 STBB IBFB PC3 RD PC6 PC7 INTRA I/O PC0 INTR A Mode 1 Control Word Group A I/P RD Mode 1 Control Word Group B I/P STB IBF INTR RD DATA from Peripheral Mode 1 Strobed Input Data Transfer WR OBF INTR ACK Data OP to Port Mode 1 Strobed Data Output Output control signal definitions Mode 1 1 0 1 0 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 0 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 Input 0 Output For PC4 PC5 PA0 PA7 INTEA PC7 PC6 OBF ACKA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 PB7 INTEB PC PC2 1 OBFB ACKB PC3 WR PC4 PC5 PC0 INTRA I/O INTRB Mode 1 Control Word Group A Mode 1 Control Word Group B Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Mode 2 ( Strobed bidirectional I/O ): This mode of operation of 8255 is also called as strobed bidirectional I/O. This mode of operation provides 8255 with an additional features for communicating with a peripheral device on an 8-bit data bus. Handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data flow and synchronization between the data transmitter and receiver. The interrupt generation and other functions are similar to mode 1. †¢ In this mode, 8255 is a bidirectional 8-bit port with handshake signals. The RD and WR signals decide whether the 8255 is going to operate as an input port or output port. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Salient features of Mode 2 of 8255 are listed as follows: The single 8-bit port in group A is available. The 8-bit port is bidirectional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available. Three I/O lines are available at port C. ( PC2 PC0 ) Inputs and outputs are both latched. The 5-bit control port C (PC3-PC7) is used for generating / accepting handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Control signal definitions in mode 2: †¢ INTR (Interrupt request) As in mode 1, this control signal is active high and is used to interrupt the microprocessor to ask for transfer of the next data byte to/from it. This signal is used for input ( read ) as well as output ( write ) operations. †¢ Control Signals for Output operations: †¢ OBF ( Output buffer full ) This signal, when falls to low level, indicates that the CPU has written data to port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) ACK ( Acknowledge ) This control input, when falls to logic low level, acknowledges that the previous data byte is received by the destination and next byte may be sent by the processor. This signal enables the internal tristate buffers to send the next data byte on port A. †¢ INTE1 ( A flag associated with OBF ) This can be controlled by bit set/reset mode with PC6 . †¢ Control signals for input operations : †¢ STB (Strobe inp ut ) A low on this line is used to strobe in the data into the input latches of 8255. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) When the data is loaded into input buffer, this ignal rises to logic ‘1’. This can be used as an acknowledge that the data has been received by the receiver. †¢ The waveforms in fig show the operation in Mode 2 for output as well as input port. †¢ Note: WR must occur before ACK and STB must be activated before RD. WR OBF INTR ACK STB IBF Data bus RD Mode 2 Bidirectional Data Transfer Data from 8085 Data towards 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The following fig shows a schematic diagram containing an 8-bit bidirectional port, 5-bit control port and the relation of INTR with the control pins. Port B can either be set to Mode 0 or 1 with port A( Group A ) is in Mode 2. Mode 2 is not available for port B. The following fig shows the control word. †¢ The INTR goes high only if either IBF, INTE2, STB and RD go high or OBF, INTE1, ACK and WR go high. The port C can be read to know the status of the peripheral device, in terms of the control signals, using the normal I/O instructions. D7 1 D6 1 D5 X D4 X D3 X D2 1/0 D1 1/0 D0 1/0 1/0 mode Port A mode 2 Port B mode 0-mode 0 1- mode 1 PC2 PC0 1 Input 0 Output Port B 1- I/P 0-O/P Mode 2 control word PC3 PA0-PA7 INTR INTE 1 PC7 PC6 OBF ACK STB IBF 3 I/O INTE 2 RD WR PC4 PC5 Mode 2 pins

Advantages And Disadvantages Using Computer Networking Facility Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Using Computer Networking Facility Computer Science Essay The advantages of using computer networking facility within the Smith Solicitor office They can use intranet facility for internal communication in the office They can share resources like printer so that they can use two printers for the whole office. Video Conference can be done which makes it easier for the employer to contact with the employee. And meetings can be done online. File and data sharing can be done which helps them share data between the computers. Folders can be password protected to limit access to unauthorized users. A single internet connection in server computer allows the entire client computer to share internet. The disadvantage of using computer networking facility within the Smith Solicitor office Skilled IT administrator should be hired for maintenance. Training should be given to the employer and employee to use the computer which in network. Proper network security should be given to the server computer. Network maintenance should be done time to time. Network Installation charges would be expensive. Networking Component like router, switch and cable would be expensive to buy.   All the computers in an office building might become completely useless if a single network component fails.   If a single computer is virus infected then the entire computer in network may soon get affected. Evaluate the various costs, performance, security and utility values associated with the installation of your network design for Smith Solicitor. (P2) The various cost, performance, security and utility values associated with the installation of the network design for Smith Solicitor Server Computer Brand Name: HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Rack Server The HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Server continues to deliver on its heritage of engineering excellence with increased flexibility and performance, enterprise-class uptime and HP Insight Control manageability, 2 sockets Intel ® Xeon ® performance, and 2U density for a variety of applications. Features Intel ® Xeon ® E5620 (4 core, 2.40 GHz, 12MB L3, 80W) 6GB PC3-10600R (DDR3-1333) Registered DIMMs Rack-mountable 3 years warranty Specifications Product Description HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Processor Intel ® Xeon ® E5620 (4 core, 2.40 GHz, 12MB L3, 80W) Form Factor Rack-mountable 2U Cache Memory 12 MB L3 Chipset Intel ® 5520 Chipset Hard Drive None Networking (2) 1GbE NC382i Multifunction 2 Ports RAM 6GB PC3-10600R (DDR3-1333) Registered DIMMs Storage Controller (1) Smart Array P410i/256MB Graphics Controller ATI ES1000 Monitor HP *Windows server 2003 will be installed as an operating system in server computer as it is user friendly. It has different security features. (1) Client Computer HP Pavilion Elite HPE-490uk Designed for computing tasks in equal good measure, the HP  Pavilion Elite HPE-490uk  desktop PC is powered by the potent quad-core Intel ® Coreà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ i7-870 Processor. General Information Processor Intel ® Coreà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ i7-870 Processor 2.93 GHz (up to 3.6GHz with turbo Boost) 8 MB Smart Cache RAM 8GB installed RAM 4 DIMM slots maximum 16GB supported memory Hard Drive 1.5 TB SATA 3G Hard Disk Drive (5400 rpm) USB 10 x USB 2.0 ports Memory Card Reader 15-in-1 memory card reader Accessories Included Keyboard, mouse, power cord, documentation Windows XP will be installed in this client computer as its users friendly. It has got option like plug and play. Its got facilities like  fast user switching which affects applications that access hardware or that can only tolerate one instance of their application running on a machine at any one time. We can also create multiple users and protect the users putting the password. Networking and communication features are also very good in windows xp. So Windows xp would be the most suitable and appropriate as a client computer. (2) Connectivity Device The Network Interface card (NIC) The hub The switch The bridge  Ã‚   Transceivers Wireless access points The router  Ã‚   The gateway Cable (UTP cat 5) RJ45 Cost: The server computer and client computer are as required by The Smith Solicitor Office. Its very affordable and the components are very good. The total price of the entire computer would be about  £16 thousand. Security: The security features of windows 2003 are as listed below Authentication: Most basic level is requiring a user id and password to log on to some system. Access control: Access control is used to secure resources such as files, folders, and printers. Encryption: Confidential files can be encrypted using the Encrypting File System (EFS) for local files stored on NTFS volumes Security policies: Security policies control a range of security settings. The security features of windows XP are as listed below Firewall: Automatic updates: Remote Assistance / Remote Desktop Local Security Policy Justification: Overall selected hardware component are suitable for the selected Operating system and the software and hardware are at affordable price. Provide an overview of a network operating system (NOS) and illustrate how NOS works with in computer network. (P3) Network Operating System (NOS) helps the server computer to control Client computer and distribute the function to the entire client computer. Therefore it helps to manage the computers which are connected in the network. Features of Network Operating System It has a function to allow multiple users to access shared resource at same time. It provides file, print, web services, back-up services. NOS distributes the function to all the computer in network It helps to manage multiple user and support for logon and logoff, remote access; system management, administration tools Client systems contain specialized software that allows them to request shared resources that are controlled by server systems responding to a client request. NOS supports multiple user accounts at the same time and enables access to shared resources by multiple clients at same time. It has security features like authentication, authorization, logon restrictions and access control I suggest windows operating system for smith solicitor office because it is commonly used on computers and currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family is  WINDOWS XP for client computer and WINDOWS SERVER 2003  for servers. It has features listed below Security Windows provide frequently updated security features such as firewalls, pop-up blockers, antivirus and antispyware software and more. It has additional security and administrator tools for server. Networking These OS offer administration tools and security for computer networking. Ease of Use Windows OS are straightforward and user friendly. Technical Help/Support These OS performs numerous functions, above average support is needed. Generally, Microsoft offers more support to its customers online  and also self-guided support. Design a LAN for a Smith Solicitor or assess an existing network (if any) for fitness of purpose. (P4) [Learner needs to design a LAN on the paper for their LAN selection.] last.jpg Identify the various parts (software and hardware) of a network system for Smith Solicitor and relates it to the 7- layered model. (P5) The various parts of a network system for smith solicitor which is related with 7 layeres model are Physical Layer:  This layer explains the physical properties of the various communications media and coordinates the function required to transmit Example: It explains the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, layout of pins. The physical layer uses hubs and repeaters. Data Link Layer: This layer explains the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Example: this layer gives addressing and checks summing of Ethernet packets. Network Layer: This layer helps to describe the exchanges of packets between any two nodes in a network. Ex: It defines the addressing and routing structure of the Internet. Transport Layer: In transport layer it describes the class, quality and type of the data delivered. This layer makes sure if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery.   Session Layer:   In this layer the group of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. So it is handles synchronization process. Example: It shows the details of request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call.   Presentation Layer: This layer works to translate, encrypt and compress data. Ex: this layer describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged within hosts with different math formats Application Layer: This layer gives services to the user by allowing the access to network resources Ex: this layer would implement file system operations Differentiate between different kinds of network, network topologies and network operating systems. (P6) [Discuss different network topologies] The different kinds of network are A  local area network also knows as LAN  is a kind of network where the networked computers are in short distance only. Example a network within a building of school. LANs Usually owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They use Token ring or Ethernet technology Metropolitan area network also known as MAN is a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. Example it is commonly owned by a single body like as a government body or large company. Wide area network also known as WAN is a geographically single collection of LANs. It generally covers wide area of computer networks. A router connects different LAN to WAN. For example- mostly WANs (like the Internet) arent owned by any organization or group but it works under the joint or distributive ownership and management. The different types of network topologies are: Star topology and tree topology All devices connect to a central device, called hub. All data transferred from one computer to another passes through hub Popular in LAN because its inexpensive and easy to install. Whereas tree topology is the extended form of star topology which is used in large networks .This kind of network significally reduces the traffic on wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host Ring topology In this kind of topology cables are formed in closed ring or a loop form where the devices are arranged along the ring. Data communication is d one in this topology by device to device around entire ring in one direction only but if we use dual ring then communication can be done by both direction Mainly this topology is used in LAN network but it is also used in WAN network. Mesh topology In this kind of topology all computer are connected to each other so that theres a fault tolerance in this kind of topology. It is expensive as well as difficult to create this type of topology. Here all the nodes are connected to each other and forms complete network. This kind of network topology is mostly use in financial sector. 3.1 Set up a software network environment, for some departments in a Smith Solicitor organization. (P7) [Configure Active directory] To configure an active directory for smith solicitor organization following process in taken. Click start and type dcpromo and enter. Then a dialogue box will appear. Then we need to press next. After that we will see a domain control type wizard where we need to select the domain controller for a new domain and select next option. Then we need to select the domain in new forest and press next as show in picture below. 4.png After that on the  New Domain Name  page, in the  Full DNS name for new domain  box, we need to give some domain name .For example we can give domain name like SmithSolicitiorFirm.com. After that we need to give name for NetBIOS domain name and click next where we get to seelect the location where we would like to store and save the database and log files. On the  Shared System Volume  page, accept the default in the  Folder location  box, and then click  next. On the  DNS Registration Diagnostics  page, click  Install and configure the DNS server on this computer and set this computer to use this DNS server as its preferred DNS Server, and then click  next as shown in the picture below. C:UsersjaikishanshresthaDesktop9.png On the  Permissions  page, click  Permissions compatible only with Windows  2000 or Windows Server  2003 operating systems, and then click  next. After that on the  Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password  page, we need to enter a password in the  Restore Mode Password  box and again retype the password to confirm it in the  Confirm password  box, and then click  next. Finally in last we just need to confirm that the given information are correct and click next  and When prompted to restart the computer, click  Restart now. This is the successful configuration of active directory for smith solicitors server computer. 3.2 Install a piece of network software on to a server to be used by different selected users in a created group on Smith Solicitor Network.(P8) [configure print server] We can configure a print server in smith solicitor network by the following process given below. Installation process: Firstly connect the printer to the computer .Then the printer will be detected automatically. After that we need to install driver which we normally get with printer. Else we can do it manually by the following process as shown below. Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel > Printer and Faxes. Then Click on the File Menu > Add printer > Next > Local Printer attached to this computer.  After that it Checks automatically detect and Install My Plug and Play Printer. Then Click Next. After that a wizard will automatically detect any attached printer and install the driver for it. If the system doesnt find the driver then it will be prompted to provide the drivers location. After successfully installing the printer driver, it will show new printer name in the Printer and Faxes in the control panel. Server Configurations: If the printer needs to be shared by a server computer, firstly we need to click the printer name>properties>sharing>share this printer. Then we need to provide name for the shared printer which will be used by client computer on the network. We can also set the colour management, priorities, printing preferences, font s in the properties tab of the printer. Client Computer Configuration: To setup printer at the client computer we can just give the command \computernameprintername (printer name is the shared name of the printer which we create while configuring server) 3.3 Illustrate how you configure user workstations on the network? (P9) [Steps of user configuration on Active directory] To configure user workstation on the network firstly we need to have one active directory domain, where we need to create a user account in that domain to use as an administrator account. Then after adding the user to the exact security group we can use that account to add computer to domain. To configure user on active directory following process should be completed. C:UsersjaikishanshresthaDesktopAdd new user in Exchange 2003.PNG Firstly click start and then point the cursor towards administrator Tool. Then Click Active Directory Users and Computers  to start the Active Directory Users and Computers console. After that we need to click the domain name that had been created, and then expand the contents. Where we need to right- click Users>New>User Type the first name, last name, and user logon name of the new user, and then click  Next. Where we get other wizard to type a password and confirm it by typing again and click the check box as required by user. Then click Next .After that just check the details and enter to Finish. Finally a new user will be created under the active directory. In case of adding a computer to the domain, following the steps Log on to the computer that needs to be added to the domain. Then right click on MY Computer>Properties>Computer Name Tab>Click change. In the computer Name change dialogue box, click Domain under member of and type the domain name. After that click OK.When you are prompted, type the user name and password of the account that you previously created, and then click  OK. Then a welcome message appears in a dialogue box where we need to click OK and restart. 4.1 Write a report on the rights and responsibilities of the network manager and the network user for Smith Solicitor (P10) [Discuss role of Network admin- user rights, sharing etc. and network user password, maintain file etc.] Network administrator need to setup and configure all the devices, hardware, software, connection between the computers. They should be able to add the user and delete the user as the requirement of the company or manage the password and access control as the requirement and ensure that there is a proper security in the network to protect it from hackers and viruses. They are deeply involved in making sure that the software are updated and applications, and monitoring the performance of the network, checking for security breaches, poor data management practices and more. So scheduled check up should be done. Administrator should be able to manage user account such as file access privileges and passwords. Administrator should also train user to utilize the networks resources and also train users to work under the server network environment. Administrators keep records of all users problems and errors as well as the steps taken to solve the problems. This information is used to help solve future problems. Administrators also control user access to the network. The administrator must also create a firewall-a set of security measures designed to make sure that no one can gain unauthorized access to the system. Administrator should use Active directory for centralized management and manage user environment. Admin should respond to the needs and question of clients concerning their access to resources and create backup in different ways to recover any lost data. They are responsible to manage, assign and maintain the list of network addresses. 4.2 Apply control mechanisms in a Smith Solicitor network for managing users. (P11) [Discuss group policy, user authentication, authorization etc.] Control in a smith solicitor network for managing users can be done by using centralized management system in active directory. Active Directory enables the administrator to centrally manage resources and to easily find the information location. It also enables to group the users according to the users limitation because user group policy helps to makes different policy for the user by the administrator. Active directory user authorization secures resources from the unauthorized user and unauthorized access. Managing Authorization and Access Control Published: November 03, 2005 The Microsoft Windows XP Professional operating system includes a number of features that you can use to protect selected files, applications, and other resources from unauthorized use. These features, which include access control lists, security groups, and Group Policy, along with the tools that allow you to configure and manage these features, provide a powerful yet flexible access control infrastructure for your local resources and network. Understanding what these features are, why they are necessary, and how they function will help you to manage rights and permissions on network and local resources more effectively. Security principal In Windows XP Professional, any entity that can be authenticated. A user, group, computer, or service can be a security principal. Security principals have accounts. Local accounts are managed by the Local Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the computer. If the account is in a Microsoft Windows 2000 or Windows Serverà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 2003 domain, it is managed by Active Directory. If the account is in a Microsoft Windows NT version 4.0 domain, it is managed by a SAM database on the primary domain controller. Inheritance A mechanism for propagating access control information down through a tree of objects. In Microsoft Windows NT, an object (such as a file) inherits access control information from its parent object (such as a folder) only when the object is first created. In Windows XP Professional, objects inherit access control information not only when they are created, but also when the parent objects access control list changes. Owner The only security principal who has an inherent right to allow or deny permission to access an object. An objects owner can give another security principal permission to take ownership. By default, the built-in Administrators group on a computer is assigned a user right that allows this group to take ownership of all objects on the computer. Security groups Groups that can be used to organize users and domain objects, thus simplifying administration. Security groups allow you to assign the same security permissions to a large numbers of users, such as employees in a single department or in a single location, ensuring that security permissions are consistent across all members of a group. Security descriptor A data structure containing the security information associated with a securable object. A security descriptor identifies an objects owner by SID. If permissions are configured for the object, its security descriptor contains a discretionary access control list (DACL) with SIDs for the users and groups that are allowed or denied access. If auditing is configured for the object, its security descriptor also contains a system access control list (SACL) that controls how the security subsystem audits attempts to access the object. Access control list (ACL) An ordered list of access control entries (ACEs) that define the permissions that apply to an object and its properties. Each ACE identifies a security principal and specifies a set of access rights allowed, denied, or audited for that security principal. Security settings Security configuration settings that can be applied to individual computers. These settings can be configured locally on the computer by using the Local Security Policy administration tool, the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in, or, if the computer is a member of an Active Directory domain, through the Security Settings extension to Group Policy. Auditing of system events You can use the auditing feature to detect attempts to circumvent protections on resources or to create an audit trail of administrative actions on the system. For example, you can audit failed attempts to open a file. You can also set security policy so that failed logon attempts are recorded in the security event log. If another administrator changes the auditing policy so that failed logon attempts are no longer audited, the log can record this event as well. In an Active Directory environment, you can use Group Policy to centrally control who is allowed to manage security logs on computers joined to a domain. user or group is stored as part of an ACE in a DACL that is part of the objects security descriptor. Rights and Permissions Access control involves the configuration of rights and permissions, which apply to both the objects on the local computer or network and the potential users (including individuals, computers, and services) of those objects. A  right  is authorization to perform an operation. From an administrators point of view, there are two types of rights: privileges and logon rights. In Windows XP Professional, only one user right is inherent-the right to allow or deny access to resources that you own. All other user rights must be granted, which means that they can also be withdrawn. A  permission  is authorization to perform an operation on a specific object, such as opening a file. Permissions are granted by owners. If you own an object, you can grant any user or security group permission to do whatever you are authorized to do with it. When permission to perform an operation is not explicitly granted, it is implicitly denied. For example, if Alice allows the Marketing group, and only the Marketing group, permission to read her file, users who are not members of the Marketing group are implicitly denied access. The operating system will not allow users who are not members of the Marketing group to read the file. Permissions can also be explicitly denied. For example, Alice might not want Bob to be able to read her file, even though he is a member of the Marketing group. She can exclude Bob by explicitly denying him permission to read the file. In fact, this is exactly how explicit denials are best used-to exclude a subset (such as Bob) from a larger group (such as Marketing) that has been given permission to do something. Each permission that an objects owner grants to a particular user or group is stored as part of an ACE in a DACL that is part of the objects security descriptor. User-Based Authorization Every application that a user starts runs in the security context of that user. When a user logs on, an access token is created. The access token contains key security-related information, including the users SID, the SIDs of the groups to which the user belongs, and other information about the users security context. This access token is then attached to every process that the user runs during that logon session. An application runs as a process with threads of execution. When an application performs an operation on a users behalf, one of the threads performs the operation. For example, when Alice opens a Word document, Microsoft Word, and not Alice, actually opens the file. More precisely, one of the threads of execution performs the operation. For a thread to gain access to an object such as a file, it must identify itself to the operating systems security subsystem. Threads and applications do not have a security identity, so they must borrow one from a security principal, such as Alice. When Alice starts an application, it runs as a process within her logon session. When one of the applications threads needs to open a file, the thread identifies itself as Alices agent by presenting her access token. Alice is therefore ultimately responsible for anything that the thread does to the file or system on her behalf. Before allowing the thread of execution to proceed, the operating system performs an access check to determine whether the security principal associated with the thread has the degree of access that the thread has requested. This access check involves the following steps: The security subsystem checks the file objects DACL, looking for ACEs that apply to the user and group SIDs referenced in the threads access token. If a DACL does not exist, access is granted. Otherwise, the security subsystem steps through the DACL until it finds any ACEs that either allow or deny access to the user or one of the users groups. If a deny is found at the user or group level, the access is denied. If the security subsystem comes to the end of the DACL and the threads desired access is still not explicitly allowed or denied, the security subsystem denies access to the object. Therefore, if a DACL exists but is empty, access is by definition denied. At the conclusion of this process, access is either allowed and the file is opened or access is denied, in which case the file remains closed and an Access Denied message is generated. Creating and deleting user accounts and defining and using security groups are important security tasks. Defining the security restrictions or permissions that might apply to different groups of users and resources in your network will help to simplify the implementation and management of the permissions and restrictions in your organization. For example, you can create a Printer Operators group and give it precisely delineated administrative control over a finite group of printers. For you to effectively manage security groups in your organization, you need to be familiar with the relationship between accounts, security groups, and built-in security principals. It is also important for you to become familiar with the techniques and tools available for managing group membership. Built-in security principals apply to any account that is using the computer in a specified way. Built-in security principals allow you to configure security based on the manner in which a resource is being accessed n increasing number of Windows XP Professional-based systems are connected directly to the Internet and participate in home or small business networks rather than in domains. To simplify the sharing and security model used in these nondomain environments, network logons performed against unjoined Windows XP Professional-based computers are automatically mapped to the Guest account by default. This simplifies the sharing of resources in home or small business networks by eliminating the need to synchronize user names and passwords across all computers in the network. Authenticating users logging on to the network as Guest can provide an additional measure of security for computers connected to the Internet by eliminating the ability to access the computer remotely by using administrative credentials. Forcing network logons to authenticate as Guest does not affect the following: Interactive logons. In addition to console logons, this also includes remote access sessions using Terminal Services or Telnet, which are essentially remote occurrences of interactive logon sessions. Computers that are joined to a domain. This is not the default for Windows XP Professional-based computers that are joined to a domain because the domain provides single sign-on capabilities for all computers that are in the domain. Outbound connections. The authentication and access control settings of the computer that you are attempting to access govern outbound connections. 4.3 Discuss how you control printer queues and other forms of resource usage in the Smith Solicitor network. (P12) Controlling in printer queues in smith solicitor can be done by changing the printer job setting by setting a priority and to notify the person when the print is done. As well as pause, cancel or resume can be done. To manage print queue firstly, we need to go to st